Ọrụ nke protein n'ime ahụ mmadụ

Ihe dị ezigbo mkpa protein na anụ ahụ bụ n'ihi ọrụ ha.

Ngosiputa umu ihe ndia n’ileputara gosiputa udiri ihe umu ihe ndia n’eme ka odi ndu ndi mmadu.

Na narị afọ nke 19, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru:

• Ahụ protein bụ ihe pụrụ iche, ihe dị mkpa nke ndụ,
• mmega ahụ mgbe niile n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ka achọrọ.

Ndokwa ndị a agbanwebeghị ruo ugbu a.

Nhazi nke protein

Nnukwu akwara nke protein dị mfe a na-akpọ protein na-etolite na obere nkanụzụ na - eji amino acids nwere iberibe ma dịkwa iche. A na-akpọ abụ ndị a nhazi ụdị akpọrọ heteropolymers. Naanị ndị nnọchianya 20 nke klas amino acid na-ahụkarị na protein. A na-ahụta ihe nkpuchi dị mkpa nke protein n’onwe ya na ọnụnọ carbon - C, nitrogen - N, hydrogen - H, oxygen - O. Sulfur - S ka a na-ahụkarị n’ime protein ndị siri ike akpọrọ protein, ihe ndị ọzọ dị na mgbakwunye na nsị amino acid. N'ihi ya, phosphorus - P, ọla kọpa - Cu, iron - Fe, ayodiin - m, selenium - Se nwere ike ịbụ na ha mejupụtara.

Aminocarboxylic acid nke protein ndi sitere n'okike na-ekewa site na nhazi nke kemịkalụ na mkpa ndu. Nkewa kemịkal dị mkpa maka kemịkalụ, ihe ọmụmụ - maka mmadụ niile.

N'ime ahụ mmadụ, enwere iyi abụọ nke mgbanwe:

• ndakpo, ntu oyi, mkpofu ihe oriri.
• ndu nke ihe omuma ohuru.

Enwere ike 12 amino acid site na nchekwa niile nke eke sitere na njikọ ndu nke ahụ mmadụ. A na-akpọ ha ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.

8 amino acids emeghi nke oma n'ime mmadu. Ha dị mkpa, kwesiri inye ha nri mgbe niile.

Dabere na ọnụnọ amino-carboxylic acid, protein na-ekewa n'ime klas abụọ.

• Protein zuru oke nwere amino acid niile nke ahụ mmadụ chọrọ. Ihe amino acid a choro achoro nwere protein nke chiiz ulo, nkpuru mmiri ara ehi, ahihia, anu ehi, oke osimiri na azuru mmiri.

• Na protein ndị na-emebi emebi, otu acid ma ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa nwere ike enweghị ụkọ. Ndị a gụnyere protin osisi.

Iji chọpụta ogo protin nri, nri ahụike ụwa ji ha tụnyere protein “dị mma”, nke jisiri ike nyocha nke ọma na amino acid dị mkpa. N'okike, enwere “protein” dị mma adịghị adị. Na nso ya dika ndi ihe nlere umu anumanu. Ihe nchebe osisi anaghị ezukarị icheta otu ihe amino acid ma ọ bụ karịa. Ọ bụrụ na agbakwunye ihe na-efu, protein ahụ ga-ezu.

Isi mmalite nke protein nke ahịhịa na anụmanụ

N'ime obodo ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ụlọ na-arụ n'ọmụmụ ihe omimi banyere ọmụmụ nri, otu ndị prọfesọ A.P. Nechaev, ndị ọrụ ibe ya, na ụmụ akwụkwọ pụtara. Ndị otu ahụ kpebiri ọdịnaya protein dị na ngwaahịa nri bụ isi dị na ahịa Russia.

• Dị Mkpa! Onu ogugu egosiputara banyere ihe protin na 100 g nke ihe emeputara, enwere onwe ya na akuku inedible.

• A na - achọta protein kachasị ukwuu na soy, mkpụrụ ugu, na ahụekere (34.9 - 26.3 g).
• A na-achọta ụkpụrụ sitere na gram 20 ruo 30 na peas, agwa, na mmiri, na mkpụrụ osisi sunflower.
• Ejiri almọnd, cashews, hazelnuts gosipụtara ọnụọgụ site na 15 ruo 20 gr.
• Walnuts, pasta, ọtụtụ ọka (ewezuga osikapa, ọka ọka) nwere gram iri site na gram iri ruo iri.
• Osikapa, ọka grits, achịcha, galiki, aprịkọp a mịrị amị dara na nha site na 5 ruo 10 gr.
• Na 100 grams nke kabeeji, olu, poteto, prun, ụfọdụ ụdị biiti, ihe na-edozi protein sitere na gram abụọ ruo ise.
• Mịrị, radishes, carrots, ose na-atọ ụtọ nwere protein dị ntakịrị, ndị na-egosi ha anaghị agafe gram 2.

Ọ bụrụ n’inweghị ike ịchọta ihe ọkụkụ ebe a, yabụ nnụkọ protein dị na ya pere mpe ma ọ bụ na ọ nọ ebe ahụ ma ọlị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ihe ọ fruitụ proteinụ mkpụrụ osisi enwere protein dị obere, na mmanu akwukwo nri eke - obughi ya.

• Achọtara mkpuru protein kachasị na azụ, azụ siri ike na nhazi, na anụ oke bekee (site na 21.1 ruo 28.9 g).
• Onu ogugu n’ohia di n’ime gram iri na ise ruo iri. Nke a bụ nnụnụ, azụ azụ (ma e wezụga maka capelin), anụ ehi, shrimp, squid, chiiz ụlọ, chiiz feta, azụ mmiri.
• Capelin, akwa anụ ọkụkọ, anụ ezi nwere protein nke 12.7 ruo 15 n’ime gram 100 nke ngwaahịa.
• Ejiri yogọt, chiiz curd site na nọmba 5 - 7.1 gr.
• Mmiri ara ehi, kefir, mmiri ara ehi a mịrị amị, ude gbara ụka, ude nwere protein nke 2.8 ruo 3.

Ihe omuma banyere isi mmalite nke protein na nke anụmanụ sitere na ngwaahịa ndị mejupụtara nhazi teknụzụ dị ukwuu (stew, sausages, ham, sausages) enweghị mmasị. A naghị akwado ya maka iri nri mgbe niile. Obere oge eji ụdị ngwaahịa ndị a adịchaghị mkpa.

Ọrụ nke protein na nri

N'ihi usoro metabolic dị n'ahụ, a na-akpụ ụmụ irighiri protein ọhụrụ oge niile, kama ịbụ nke ochie. Ọnụego mkpara na ahụ dị iche abụghị otu. A na-eweghachi protein homonụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, insulin (resynthesized) ngwa ngwa, na awa, nkeji. A na-eme ka protein nke imeju, akpụkpọ ahụ mucous nke mebiri n'ime ụbọchị iri. A na-eweghachi protein protein dị n'ụbụrụ, mọzụlụ, anụ ahụ na - ejikọ ogologo, ogologo oge ana - eweghachite (resynthesis) nwere ike ịnọ ọnwa isii.

Ihe eji eme ihe bu ihe eji eme ka etughari ya dika ikike nguzobe nke oma.

• N’ime mmadụ etolitela nwere ahụike zuru oke, nguzozi ahụ bụ ihe efu. N'okwu a, ngụkọta nke ihe ndị na-enye nitrogen na nri mgbe nri na-edozi ya na nke ngwaahịa mebiri emebi.
• Ihe na-eto eto na-eto ngwa ngwa. Nsonaazụ ziri ezi. Enwere ọtụtụ protein.
• Na nká, ndị ọrịa, nguzogide nitrogen adịghị mma. Oke nke nitrogen ewepụtara site na ngwaahịa metabolic dị ukwuu karịa nke enwetara site na nri.

Ọrụ dị na protein n'ime nri bụ inye mmadụ ihe achọrọ maka amino acid kwesịrị ekwesị maka ikere òkè na usoro biochemical nke ahụ.

Iji hụ na ọ nweghị usoro ọ bụla, ọ dị mkpa ịmata ụdị protein mmadụ chọrọ iri kwa ụbọchị.

Ndị na-ahụ maka ime anụ ụlọ na ndị America na-atụ aro iri 0.8 - 1 g nke protein kwa 1 n'arọ nke ibu mmadụ. Onu ogugu a zuru oke. Ọnụ ego ahụ dabere n’afọ, ụdị ọrụ, ụdị ndụ mmadụ. Ná nkezi, ha na-akwado iri oke site na gram 60 ruo protin protein kwa ụbọchị. Maka ụmụ nwoke na-arụ ọrụ arụ ọrụ, enwere ike ịbawanye ụkpụrụ ahụ ruo gram 120 kwa ụbọchị. Maka ndị a na-awa ahụ, ọrịa na-efe efe, ụkpụrụ ahụ na-amụba ruo gram 140 kwa ụbọchị. Ndị ọrịa shuga na-atụ aro iri nri nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke ngwaahịa protin, nke nwere ike iru 140g kwa ụbọchị. Ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa metabolism, ebumnuche nke gout, kwesịrị iri protein dị obere. Normkpụrụ maka ha bụ 20 - 40 grams kwa ụbọchị.

Maka ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-eme ihe ike nke na-abawanye oke akwara, ụkpụrụ na-abawanye nke ukwuu, nwere ike iru gram 1.6-1.8 kwa kilogram nke ịdị egwu onye na-eme egwuregwu.

• Dị Mkpa! Ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya maka onye na-azụ ọzụzụ ka o doo anya azịza ajụjụ a - ole protein a ga-eri kwa ụbọchị n'oge mmega ahụ. Ndị ọkachamara nwere ihe ọmụma banyere ụgwọ ume maka ụdị ọzụzụ niile, ụzọ iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke ahụ onye na-eme egwuregwu.

Maka mmejuputa ihe omumu ihe nile nke aru, odi nkpa obughi nnuku nke amino acid di nkpa n’ime protein, kamakwa n’inweta arụmọrụ ha. Culọ ọrụ protin na-enwe usoro dị iche iche, ike ịdị nfe, ogo nnweta enzymes diges. 96% nke protein mmiri ara ehi, agbaji agbaji nke ọma. N'ime anụ, azụ, 93-95% protin na-agbari. Ewezuga bụ protein nke anụahụ na ntutu. A na-agbari ọgwụ ndị nwere protein. N'ime akwụkwọ nri, a na-etinye 80% nke protein, na nduku - 70%, na achịcha - 62-86%.

Akụkụ nchekwa nke akwadoro sitere na anụ ụmụ anụmanụ kwesịrị ịbụ 55% nke ngụkọta nke protein protein.

• Enweghi protin n’ime ahụ na-eduga n’ime mgbanwe mgbanwe metabolic. A na-akpọ ụdị ọrịa a dystrophy, kwashiorkor. Na oge mbụ, ekpughere mmebi iwu na ndị bi na mpaghara nke anụ ọhịa Africa, nke nwere nguzozi na-adịghị mma nke nitrogen, ọrụ eriri afọ, nsogbu akwara, na-egbochi ya. Enweghi ike protin nwere ike ime ya na ihe mgbaàmà ndi ozo, nke nwere ike ịdị nwayọ nwa oge. Karịsịa dị ize ndụ bụ enweghị protein na ahụ nwatakịrị. Ọrịa ụdị nri a nwere ike ịkpalite erughị ala anụ ahụ na ọgụgụ isi nke mmadụ na-eto eto.

• Mkpụrụ protein dị n’ime ahụ karịrị akarị nke usoro. Ibu n’elu akụrụ na-abawanye. Site na ọrịa ndị dị na akụrụ, usoro a nwere ike ịka njọ. Ọ bụ ihe jọrọ njọ ma ọ bụrụ na inwe protein dị ukwuu n'ahụ nọ na ya na enweghị nri nri ndị ọzọ bara uru. N'oge gboo, na mba Eshia, usoro eji egbu egbu, nke na-eme ka onye ọka ikpe ahụ nweta naanị anụ. N'ihi ya, onye ahụ mebere ya nwụrụ site na mkpopụta ngwaahịa na-adọkpụ nke eriri afọ, na-esochi nsị a.

Reasonablezọ ezi uche dị na inye anụ ahụ protin na-ekwe nkwa ịrụ ọrụ nke sistemu niile nke ndụ.

Akụkọ ọmụmụ

Ihe mbu protin ahụ nwetara (n'ụdị nke gluten) na 1728 nke onye Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari si na ntụ ọka. Ndị nọ na protein dị iche iche dịpụrụ adịpụ na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ n'ihi arụ ọrụ nke onye France na-ahụ maka ọgwụ Antoine de Fourcroix na ndị sayensị ndị ọzọ kwuru na ihe nchekwa nke protein na-agwakọta (mkparị) n'okpuru mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ acid. N'oge ahụ, a na-eme nchọpụta protein ndị dị ka albumin (“egg white”), fibrin (protein sitere n'ọbara), na gluten daga mkpụrụ ọka.

Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 19, enwetara ụfọdụ ozi banyere ihe mejupụtara nke protein; amaara na amino acid na-etolite n'oge hydrolysis nke protein. Amatalarị amino acid ndị a (dịka glycine na leucine). Site na nyocha nke mejupụtara kemịkal nke protein, onye Dutch na-ahụ maka ọgwụ Gerrit Mulder chepụtara n'echiche na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ protein niile nwere otu usoro. N'afọ 1836, Mulder tụpụtara ụkpụrụ nke mbụ nke ihe nchekwa protein. Dabere na tiori nke radicals, ọ mechara ọtụtụ nyocha mechara wee kwubie na obere nhazi ihe dị na protein nwere ihe mejupụtara: C₄₀H₆₂Nd₁₀O₁₂. Ọ kpọrọ ngalaba a “protein” (Pr) (nke sitere na Greek. Protos - nke mbụ, nke izizi), na nkuzi - “protein protein”. Ọ bụ onye Sweden na-ahụ maka mmiri ọgwụ bụ Jacob Berzelius kwuru okwu a “protein” n’onwe ya. Dabere na Mulder, protein ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ protein protein, sọlfọ na phosphorus. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ tụrụ aro ide fibrin usoro dị ka 10PrSP. Mulder nyochakwara ngwaahịa nke mbibi nke protein - amino acid na maka otu n'ime ha (leucine) na obere njehie, o kpebiri oke molekul - 131 daltons. Site na mkpokọta data ọhụrụ na protein, a na-akatọ idebe protein, mana na agbanyeghị nke a, rue oge ngwụcha afọ 1850, a ka na-ahụta ya dị ka ụwa niile.

Ka ọ na-erule na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19, a nyochawo ihe ka amino asịd ndị mejupụtara protein. Mgbe afọ 1880s gwụchara. Onye sayensị Russia R. A. Ya.Danilevsky kwuru na ịdị adị nke otu peptide (CO - NH) na protein protein. N'afọ 1894, ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ German Albrecht Kossel kwupụtara tiori na amino acid bụ ihe ndị bụ isi n'usoro protein. Na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, onye German na-eme mmiri ọgwụ Emil Fischer gosipụtara nyocha na nnwale na-enwe nsị amino acid nke njikọ dị n'etiti njikọ peptide. O mekwara nyocha izizi nke usoro amino acid na protein ma kọwaa ihe ịtụnanya maka proteinolysis.

Agbanyeghị, ọrụ dị n'etiti protein n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ amataghị ruo 1926, mgbe onye kemist nke America James Sumner (onye mechara bụrụ Nobel Nrite na Chemistry) gosiri na urease enzyme bụ protein.

Ihe isi ike nnopụ ndi ihe nile n’eme ka aru ghara idi ihe omumu. Ya mere, emere ihe omumu izizi jiri polypeptides ndị ahụ nwere ike ịsacha ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ, ya bụ, protein ọbara, nsen ọkụkọ, nsị dị iche iche, yana enzymes metabolic / metabolic zoro ezo mgbe ha gbusịrị ehi. N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ Armor Hot Dog Co. bịara nwee ike ikpochapụ kilogram nke ribonuclease bovine pancreatic nke A, nke bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ.

Echiche nke usoro ihe nchekwa nke abụọ bụ nsonaazụ nke njikọ nke hydrogen n'etiti nsị amino acid ka William Astbury kwupụtara na 1933, mana Linus Pauling bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ nke nwere ike ịkọ ihe ịga nke ọma nke abụọ nke protein. Mgbe e mechara, Walter Kausman, dabere na ọrụ Kai Linnerstrom-Lang, nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịghọta iwu nke etolite nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta nke hydrophobic na usoro a. N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s na mbido 1950, Frederick Senger mepụtara usoro maka usoro protein, nke o kpebiri na usoro amino acid nke agịga insulin abụọ n’afọ 1955, na-egosi na protein bụ ezigbo polymer nke amino acid, n’abụghị nke ọma (dị ka ụfọdụ ndị sugars) ) ụdọ, ụyọkọ ma ọ bụ cyclols. Protein mbu, amino acid usoro nke ndi Soviet / Russia mere ka o guzosie ike, bu n’aho 1972 ka enyere aminotransferase.

Becamelọ arụpụtara mbụ nke nchekwa nke enwetara site na X-ray diffiction (nyocha X-ray) mara na ngwụcha afọ ndị 1950 na mbido afọ 1960, na ụlọ ndị achọpụtapụtara site na iji ikike ndọta nuklia nke 1980s. N'afọ 2012, ụlọ akụ nchekwa Protin nwere ihe dịka 87,000 protein protein.

Na narị afọ nke 21, nyocha protein agaferela ọkwa ọhụrụ, mgbe ọ bụghị nanị na-amụ protin ndị dị ọcha, kamakwa mgbanwe nke ọnụọgụ na mgbanwe mgbanwe posta nke ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ mkpụrụ ndụ, anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị ndụ. A na-akpọ mpaghara a nke ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Site na iji usoro bioinformatics, ọ ghọọla ihe kwere omume ọ bụghị naanị ịhazi data nyocha nyocha X-ray, kamakwa ịkọ ụdị protein ahụ na usoro nke amino acid. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, cyoelectron microscopy nke ogige protein buru ibu na ịkọwapụta oghere ngalaba ngalaba protein site na iji mmemme kọmputa na-abịa nso oke nke atomic.

Enwere ike ịtụ nha protin na usoro nke amino acid residits ma ọ bụ na daltons (ịdị arọ nke molekul), mana n'ihi oke irighiri ihe dị n'ime molak, a na-egosipụta oke protein na nkeji ewepụtara - kilodaltons (kDa). Ihe na-ekochi yist, na onodu, nwere ihe ndi amino acid 466 ma nwee otutu ihe dika 53 kDa. Mkpụrụ protein kachasị ukwuu a maara ugbu a - titin - bụ ihe mejupụtara akwara olu, akwara dị iche iche nke ụdị dịgasị iche iche (isoforms) dịgasị na iche site na 3000 ruo 3700 kDa. Titin nke akwara nke naanị aka (lat. Soleus) nke mmadụ nwere amino acids 38,138.

Amphotericity

Ndi na-edozi nwere ihe amphotericity, ya bu, dabere na onodu ndi ahu, ha na egosiputa ihe acidic na ihe ndi ozo. Na protein, enwere ọtụtụ ụdị mmiri kemịkalị nke nwere ike ionization na usoro mmerụ ahụ: nsị carbonxylic nke akụkụ ụdọ nke amino acid (aspartic na glutamic acid) na ìgwè ndị nwere nitrogen nke ụdọ amino acid (bụ isi ε-amino ìgwè nke lysine na amidine residue CNH (NHH)₂) arginine, rue ntakịrị ntakịrị - imidazole histidine residue). A na-amata protein ọ bụla site na elepụ iche (pI) - acid acid (ọkara), ebe ngụkọta eletriki elele nke ụmụ irighiri protein a bụ efu ma, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị ebugharị na mpaghara eletriki (dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na electrophoresis). N'ebe ntụpụ iche, hydration na solubility nke protein dị ntakịrị. Uru pI dabere na nha acidic na nkpuru amino acid residues n’ime protein: maka protein ndi nwere otutu ihe omimi nke amino acid, isi ihe di iche n’etu ebe a na-a sucha acid (a na-akpo protein a dika acidic), na n’ime protein ndi nwere ihe ndi ozo di nkpa, ha no n’abali alkaline (protein di nkpa ) Uru pI nke protein a nwekwara ike ịdị iche dabere na ike ion na ụdị edozi ihe dị na ya, ebe nnu sọpụrụ iche na-emetụta ogo nke ionization nke otu mmiri ọgwụ ahụ. PI nke protein nwere ike ikpebisi ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na usoro titration ma ọ bụ site na itinye uche na iche.

Na mkpokọta, pI nke protin na-arụ ọrụ ọ na-arụ: isi ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ọtụtụ ihe nchebe na anụ ahụ vertebrate sitere na 5.5 ruo 7.0, mana n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ dị na mpaghara ndị dị oke njọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka pepsin, enzyme proteolytic nke gastric acidic siri ike. ihe ọ juiceụ pụ pI

1, na maka salmins - protamine protein nke mmiri ara ehi salmon, njiri mara nke ọdịnaya arginine dị elu - pI

12. Ihe nchebe nke na-ejikọ njikọ nke nucleic n'ihi mmekọrịta ikuku na ndị otu phosphate na-abụkarị ndị bụ isi. Ihe atụ nke protein ndị dị otú ahụ bụ akụkọ na protamini.

Gịnị bụ protein?

Ndi na edozi ahiri nwere ihe ndi edobere anya na ihe mejuputara ha nwere amino acid, ha na uzo ozo. Protein ọ bụla nwere usoro amino acid nke onwe ya, ọnọdụ ya na mbara igwe. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na protein ndị na-abanye n'ime ahụ adịghị etinye ha n'ọrụ n'ụdị na-agbanweghị agbanwe, ha na-agbajikwa amino acid ma site na enyemaka ha anụ ahụ na-eme ka protein ya.

22 amino acid na-ekere òkè na nhazi nke protein, 13 nke enwere ike gbanwee ka ha bụrụ ibe, 9 - phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, threonine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, methionine - enweghị ike ịgbanwe. Enweghị acid a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha n'ime ahụ bụ nke a na-anabataghị, nke a ga-ebute ọgba aghara nke anụ ahụ.

Ọ dị mkpa ọ bụghị naanị eziokwu ahụ na protein na-abanye n'ime ahụ, kamakwa ihe amino acid ọ mejupụtara!

Gịnị bụ protein?

Ndi na - edozi (protein / polypeptides) - ihe ndi nke Organic, ihe omuma ihe okike nwere ihe iri abuo amino acid nwere. Njikọ na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị. Ahụ mmadụ na-anabatakọta njikọ nke amino acid iri na abụọ n’onwe ya.

Iri asatọ n’ime amino asịd ndị a na-ahụ na protein agaghị emeju ya n’onwe ha, ha na-enweta nri. Ndị a bụ valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, tryptophan, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine, nke dị mkpa maka ndụ.

Kedu ihe na-eme protein

Mara ọdịiche dị n'etiti anụmanụ na akwukwo nri (site na mbido). Achọrọ ụdị oriri abụọ.

Animal:

Egg acha ọcha na-adị mfe ma werekwa akụkụ ahụ ya dum (90-92%). Ihe nchebe nke ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi a na-agbaze mmiri ka njọ karịa (90%). A na-etinye protein dị mmiri ara ehi niile kpamkpam (obere ihe ruru 80%).
Abamuru nke amịrị na azụ n’ime nchikota kachasị mma nke amino acids dị mkpa.

Akwukwo nri:

Soy, canola na cottonseed nwere ezigbo amino acid raha maka ahụ. N'ime ihe ọkụkụ, oke a adịghị ike.

Enweghị ngwaahịa nwere ezigbo amino acid rash. Ihe oriri kwesịrị ekwesị gụnyere nri ụmụ anụmanụ na ihe oriri.

Ndabere nke nri “site n’usoro iwu” bụ protein anụmanụ. Ọ bara ụba na amino acid dị mkpa, ma na-enye nnabata protein dị mma.

Ọrụ protin dị n’ahụ

Bụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke anụ ahụ, ọ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ:

1. Ihe nchebe. Ọrụ nke sistem bụ mgbochi nke ihe ndị si mba ọzọ. Mmepụta ọgwụ mmadụ na-eme.
2. Transportgbọ njem. Inye ihe dị iche iche dịka ọmụmaatụ, haemoglobin (ọkọnọ oxygen).
3. Iwu. Intanọgide na-enweta ụdị mmiri ahụ.
4. Mmebi. Typesdị ọ bụla na - emegharị ahụ.
5. Epeepe. Ihe na-achịkwa ọnọdụ nke anụ ahụ na - ejikọta.
6. Kataliki. Ọ bụ ihe na - eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na - eme ka ihe ọ bụla mejupụtara biochemical.
7. Conservation na nnyefe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (DNA na RNA ụmụ irighiri ihe).
8. Ike. Inye aru dum ike.

Ndị ọzọ na-eku ume, na-ahụ maka mgbaze nri, na-edozi metabolism. Proteinensensent Rhodopsin dị maka ọrụ anya.

Ọkpụkpụ ọbara nwere elastin, n'ihi ya ha na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke. Protein fibrinogen na - enye coagulation ọbara.

Ihe mgbaàmà nke enweghị protein n’ahụ

Enweghi oke protin bu ihe ndi a na achoghi bu ihe ojoo site na nri ojoo na ndu mmadu nke ugbua. N'ụdị dị nro, a na-egosipụta ya ike ọgwụgwụ oge niile yana arụmọrụ adịghị mma. Site na mmụba nke ezughi ezu, anụ ahụ na-egosi akara site na mgbaàmà:

1. Ọrịa na ike ọgwụgwụ. Ọnọdụ mọbụ na arụlata, ọdịdị ahụ ike ọgwụgwụ na-enweghị mgbatị ahụ pụrụ iche, nhazi nke mmegharị, na-eme ka uche na ebe nchekwa gharazie iru ike.
2. Isi ọwụwa na ụra na-akawanye njọ. Esemokwu ehighị ụra na nchekasị na-akpata enweghị serotonin.
3. Ugboro ole na-agbanwe agbanwe, mmanya. Enweghị enzymes na homonụ na-akpalite ike ọgwụgwụ nke sistemụ akwara: iwe maka ihe ọ bụla, oke iwe na-enweghị isi, njide onwe onye.
4. Icha mmirimmiri, rashes. N’inweghi protein nwere iron, anaemia tolitere, ihe mgbaàmà nke akpọnwụ na pallor nke anụ ahụ, akpụkpọ ahụ mucous.
5. Ugwu nke akụkụ ahụ niile. Ihe nwere protein dị na plasma dị ala na-akpaghasị nguzozi nke nnu-mmiri. Abụba dị n'okpuru na-agbakọba mmiri n'ime nkwonkwo ụkwụ na nkwonkwo ụkwụ.
6. Ọrịa na-adịghị mma nke ọnya. Ọ bụrụ na-enweghị “ihe ụlọ” ana-egbochi arụzi sel.
7. Mgbaze na ntutu isi, isi nke mbọ. Ọdịdị nke dandruff n'ihi akpụkpọ akọrọ, mkpochapu ya na mgbawa nke ntu ahụ bụ ihe mgbaàmà kachasị na ahụ gbasara enweghị protein. Ntutu na mbọ na-eto eto mgbe niile ma na-aza ngwa ngwa maka enweghị ihe ndị na-akwalite uto na ezigbo ọnọdụ.
8. Ibelata oke ibu. Mwepu kilogram na-enweghị ihe doro anya kpatara ya bụ n'ihi mkpa anụ ahụ kwụrụ maka enweghị protein n'ihi oke olu.
9. Ọkpụkpụ obi na arịa ọbara, ọdịdị nke iku ume dị mkpụmkpụ. Usoro iku ume, nri nri, yana akwara na-emebi emebi. Dyspnea na-apụta na-enweghị mgbatị ahụ, ụkwara na-enweghị oyi na ọrịa nje.

Site na ngosipụta nke ihe mgbaàmà nke ụdị a, ịkwesịrị ịgbanwe ụdị nri dị mma, nyochaa ụdị ndụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ị ka njọ, gakwuru dọkịta.

Ego ole protein chọrọ maka insimilation

Ọnụego oriri kwa ụbọchị dabere na afọ, okike, ụdị ọrụ. A na-egosi data dị na ụkpụrụ ahụ na tebụl (n'okpuru) ma hazie maka ịdị arọ nkịtị.
Inweta protein a na-eripịara ọtụtụ oge bụ nhọrọ. Onye ọ bụla na-ekpebi ụdị dị mma maka onwe ya, isi ihe bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọnụego nri kwa ụbọchị.

mmega ahụOge afọ Nri protein kwa ụbọchị, g Maka ụmụ nwokeMaka ụmụ nwanyị NgụkọtaOriginmụ anụmanụ sitereNgụkọtaOriginmụ anụmanụ sitere Enweghị ibu18-4096588249 40-6089537545 Obere ogo18-4099548446 40-6092507745 Ọkara18-40102588647 40-6093517944 Ugo di elu18-40108549246 40-60100508543 Oge18-4080487143 40-6075456841 Afọ ezumike nká75456841

Ihe nwere protein dị elu na nri

Amata protein nwere nri:

N'ime ụdị anụ dị iche iche, ebe izizi ị nweta ọkụkọ ga-abụ anụ ehi: 18,9 g. Mgbe ọ gachara, anụ ezi: 16.4 g, nwa atụrụ: 16,2 g.

Nri azu na squid bu ndi isi: 18.0 g.
Azụ kacha nwee protein bụ salmon: 21,8 g, ma salmon pink: 21 g, pike perch: 19 g, mackerel: 18 g, azụzụ: 17.6 g na cod: 17.5 g.

N'etiti ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, kefir na ude gbara ụka na-ejigide ọnọdụ ahụ: 3,0 g, mgbe ahụ mmiri ara ehi: 2.8 g.
Mkpụrụ dị elu - Hercules: 13.1 g, millet: 11.5 g, semolina: 11.3 g

Mata ụkpụrụ ahụ ma na-eburu n'uche ohere ego, ị nwere ike idepụta menu n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma jide n'aka na ị ga-agbakwunye abụba na carbohydrates.

Oke nke protein na ihe oriri

Ogo nke protein, abụba, carbohydrates na nri dị mma kwesịrị (na gram) 1: 1: 4. Igodo nke nguzozi nke nri di nma ka apuru ibu uzo ozo: ndi nchebe 25-35%, abụba 25-35%, carbohydrates 30-50%.

N'otu oge, abụba kwesịrị ịba uru: mmanụ oliv ma ọ bụ linseed, akụ, azụ, chiiz.

Carbohydrates na efere bụ pasta siri ike, akwụkwọ nri ọ bụla, yana mkpụrụ osisi / mkpụrụ osisi a mịrị amị, ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.

Enwere ike ijikọ protin n'ime akụkụ: nri + anụmanụ.

Enwere amino acid na protein

Ahụ nwere ike ịgbakọ ọnụ site na anụ ahụ n'onwe ya, mana ịnye ha site na mpụga anaghị abụ ihe enweghị atụ. Karịsịa jiri ndụ dị gara gara na mgbalị anụ ahụ.

Niile ewezuga ya bụ ihe dị mkpa, ndị kacha ewu ewu n’ime ha:

Alanine.
Ọ na - akpali metabolism nke carbohydrates, na - enyere aka iwepụ nsí. Maka ịrụ ọrụ “ịdị ọcha”. Ọdịnaya dị elu nke anụ, azụ, ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.

Arginine.
Ọ dị mkpa ikwe akwara ọ bụla, anụ ahụ siri ike, klaasị na nkwonkwo. Ọ na-enye abụba abụba na sistemu sistem. Ọ bụ n'ime anụ ọ bụla, mmiri ara ehi, mkpụrụ ọ bụla, gelatin.

Aspartic acid.
Na-enye nguzozi ike. Meziwanye arụmọrụ nke sistemụ akụrụngwa etiti. Ọfụma nwetụ ike anụ ehi na nri ọkụkọ, mmiri ara ehi, okpete. Ejiri ya na poteto, mkpụrụ, ọka.

Mere.
A na - agbanwe "ihe na - ewu ụlọ" nke anụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụdị akụrụngwa na haemoglobin. Ọ na-agwọ ọnya ngwa ngwa, na-ahụ maka usoro uto. Dịtụ na mmiri ara ehi, ọka ọ bụla anụ.

Serene.
Neurotransmitter, ihe dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ụbụrụ na akwara ozi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Enwere ahụekere, anụ, ọka, soya.

Site na nri kwesiri ekwesi na ụzọ ndụ dị mma, amino acid niile ga-apụta n’anụ maka arụ ọrụ nke “cubes” na i modelomi ahụike, ịma mma na ịdị ogologo.

Gịnị na-akpata enweghị protein n’ahụ

1. Ugboro nke ọrịa na-efe efe, na-esighi ike nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ.
2. Nchegbu na nchegbu.
3. Agka nká na ibelata usoro usoro metabolic niile.
4. Nsonaazụ nke ojiji nke ọgwụ otu.
5. Ọdịda na ngwe.
6. Mmerụ ahụ.
7. Nri dabere na nri ngwa ngwa, ngwaahịa ozugbo, ngwaahịa mechiri emechi dị ala.

Enweghị otu amino acid ga-akwụsị imepụta otu protin. A haziri ahụ ya na ụkpụrụ nke "imeju voids", yabụ na a ga-ewepụta amino acid na-efu na protein ndị ọzọ. “Nrụghachi” a na - emebi ọrụ, akwara, obi, ụbụrụ ma rụkwaa ọrịa a.

Enweghi ike protin n’ime ụmụaka na-egbochi uto, na-ebute nkwarụ anụ ahụ na nke uche.
Mmepe anaemia, ọdịdị nke ọrịa anụ ahụ, ọrịa nke ọkpụkpụ na akwara abụghị ndepụta nke ọrịa. Nnukwu protein dystrophy nwere ike ibute ara na kwashiorkor (ofdị dystrophy siri ike n'ihi enweghị protein).

Mgbe protein na-emebi ahụ gị

• nnabata ngafe
• ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke imeju, akụrụ, obi na arịa ọbara.

Oversupply anaghị adịkarị n'ihi mmetụ ahụ zuru oke site n'ahụ ahụ.Ọ na - eme na ndị chọrọ ịbawanye akwara ngwa ngwa o kwere omume na - esoghị ndụmọdụ nke ndị na - enye ọzụzụ na ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere nri.

Nsogbu nke nnabata “ngafe” gụnyere:

Odida ntaramahụhụ. Nnukwu protein nwere oke ibu n’ahụ, na-akpaghasị ọrụ ha. “Miri” enweghị ike ịnagide ibu ahụ, ọrịa akụrụ apụta.

Ọrịa imeju. Okpo protein na-agbakọta amonia n’ime ọbara, nke na-aka njọ ọnọdụ imeju.

Mmepe nke atherosclerosis. Imirikiti ngwaahịa anụmanụ, na mgbakwunye na ihe bara uru, nwere abụba na cholesterol na-emerụ ahụ.

Ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa na-arịa nke imeju, akụrụ, akwara na akwara nri ga-amachi oriri protein.

A na-akwụghachi ndị na-echegbu ya ụgwọ ilekọta ahụ ike ha. Iji gbochie nsonaazụ dị njọ, ịkwesịrị icheta mkpa anụ ahụ maka mgbake. Ezumike zuru ezu, nri na-edozi ahụ, ndị ọkachamara na-eleta ga-eme ka ntorobịa dị ogologo, ahụike na ndụ.

Ubkpa ike

Ndi na-edozi ihe di iche na solubility na mmiri. A na-akpọ protein ndị na-agba mmiri mmiri Albumin, ihe ndị a na-agụnye ọbara na mmiri ara ehi. Iji agbanye, ma ọ bụ scleroproteins, gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, keratin (protein na-eme ntutu, ntutu nke anụmanụ, nnụnụ na wdg) na fibroin, nke bụ akụkụ nke silk na cobwebs. A na-ekpebi ike nke protein ọ bụghị naanị site na njikwa ya, kama site na ihe ndị dị na mpụga, dị ka ọdịdị nke ihe mgbaze, ike ion na pH nke ihe ngwọta.

A na-ekekwa protein n’etiti hydrophilic (mmiri na-agbanye) na hydrophobic (mmiri na-egbochi mmiri). Imirikiti ihe nchebe nke cytoplasm, nucleus, na ihe intercellular, gụnyere keratin na fibroin insoluble na fibroin, bụ hydrophilic. Imirikiti protein ndị mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ dị ndụ bụ hydrophobic - protein membrane na-emekọrịta na lirop na hydrophobic (protein ndị a, dịka iwu, nwekwara saịtị hydrophilic).

Protein biosynthesis ke idem

Ngwakọta biosynthesis - nguzobe n’ahụ nke ihe nchebe chọrọ site na amino acid site na ijikọta ha na ụdị njikọ kemịkal pụrụ iche - yinye polypeptide. DNA na - echekwa ihe owuwu nke protein. Ngwakọta ahụ n'onwe ya na-ewere ọnọdụ na akụkụ pụrụ iche nke sel a na-akpọ ribosome. RNA na-ebufe ozi site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe achọrọ (saịtị DNA) chọrọ ribosome.

Ebe ọ bụ na biosynthesis protein dị ọtụtụ, dị mgbagwoju anya, na-eji ozi ahụ atọrọ na ntọala nke ndụ mmadụ - DNA, njikọ kemịkalụ ya bụ ọrụ siri ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amụtala ụzọ isi nweta ihe mgbochi nke ụfọdụ enzymes na homonụ, mana ọrụ kachasị dị na sayensị bụ inweta protein site na iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Transportgbọ njem

Ọrụ ụgbọ njem protin ọbara pụrụ iche - haemoglobin. Site n'inye protein a, a na-ebunye oxygen site n’akpa ume n’arụ na akwara nke anụ ahụ.

Ọ mejupụtara n'ọrụ nchekwa nke sistem na-alụ ọgụ. Ọ bụ ihe na-egbochi ahụ ike ahụ, na-echebe ya pụọ ​​na nje, nje, nsị, ma kwe ka ọbara mepụta ọnya n'ọnọdụ ọnya emeghe.

Ọrụ nrịba ama nke protein n’ịmegharị akara (ozi) n’etiti sel.

Nkịtị Nkpukpo Nmekorita

Mkpa ahụ mmadụ maka protein nwere ike ọfụma na-arụ ọrụ ya. Ka anyị na -akwu, anyị na - aghọrọ ngwa ngwa ihe kemịkal na - eme ahụ anyị. Ndị na-emega ahụ oge niile chọrọ ihe dị ka protein okpukpu okpukpu abụọ karịa onye nkịtị. Enweghị protein maka ndị na-etinye aka n'egwuregwu dị egwu "na-asachapụ" akwara na ike nke ahụ niile!

Ná nkezi, a na-agbakọ ụkpụrụ protein maka okenye, dabere na ọnụọgụ protein nke 1 g nke kilogram 1, ihe dịka 80-100 g maka ụmụ nwoke, 55-60 g maka ụmụ nwanyị. A dụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-eme egwuregwu ume ka ha nwekwuo protein protein riri ruo 170-200 g kwa ụbọchị.

Kwesịrị inye protein dị mma maka anụ ahụ

Oriri na-edozi ahụ iji mee ka anụ ahụ nwee protein zuru ezu bụ njikọta nke anụmanụ na osisi. Ogo ogo protin na protein dị na nri sitere na mmalite ya na usoro ọgwụgwọ ọkụ.

Ya mere, ihe dị ka 80% nke mkpokọta protein anụ na 60% nke protein nri na-ahụ maka ahụ. Ngwaahịa nke anụmanụ si nweta protein dị ukwuu n'ime otu akụkụ nke ngwaahịa karịa ihe oriri. Na mgbakwunye, ihe mejupụtara "anụmanụ" ngwaahịa gụnyere amino acid niile, na ngwaahịa osisi n'akụkụ a ka na-ahụta.

Iwu usoro oriri na-edozi ahụ maka inweta protein dị mma karị:

• Gentlezọ dị nro - esi esi nri, uzuoku, na steepụ. Ekwesịrị ịhapụ ikpochapụ.
• A na-atụ aro irikwu azụ na ọkụkọ. Ọ bụrụ n'ezie na ịchọrọ anụ, họrọ anụ.
• Achọpụrụ ahịhịa dị mma na nri, ha bụ abụba ma na-emerụ ahụ. N'okwu ndị dị oke njọ, ịnwere ike iji "efere nke abụọ" esi nri nke mbụ.

Njirimara nke ihe oriri protein maka uto ike

Ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-enweta oke uru ahụ kwesịrị ịgbaso ndụmọdụ ndị a dị n'elu. Ọtụtụ n'ime nri ha kwesịrị ịbụ protein sitere na anụmanụ. Ekwesịrị iri ha na ngwaahịa protin nri, nke soy bụ ọkacha mmasị.

Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịkpọtụrụ dọkịta ma tụlee ojiji nke ihe ọ proteinụ proteinụ protein pụrụ iche, pasent nke oriri protein bụ nke 97-99%. Ọkachamara ahụ ga-ahọrọ nke ọ aụ individụ n'otu n'otu, gbakọọ usoro ziri ezi. Nke a ga - abụ ihe mgbakwunye protein dị ụtọ ma bara uru na ọzụzụ.

Denaturation

Ngosipụta protin na-emetụta mgbanwe ọ bụla na arụ ọrụ ya na / ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa nke physicochemical metụtara mfu nke quaternary, kọleji ma ọ bụ nke abụọ. Dịka iwu, protein na-akwụsi ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị ahụ (ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, pH, wdg) nke ha na-arụkarị ọrụ na ahụ. Mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ọnọdụ ndị a na-eduga n'inwe protein. Dabere na ọdịdị nke denaturing gị n'ụlọnga, mebere (ike na-akpali ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji), anụ ahụ (kpo oku, jụrụ, irradiation, sonication) na kemịkal (asịd na alkalis, surfactants, urea) denaturation iche.

Atgọnarị protin ga-abụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu. Ihe kachasị ama ama na -agọnarị protein na-enweghị mgbagha na ndụ kwa ụbọchị bụ nkwadebe nke anụ ọkụkọ, mgbe, n'okpuru mmetụta nke oke okpomoku, ovalbumin nke mmiri na-amịpụta mmiri na-adị ike, adịghị agwụ agwụ ma na-apụ apụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ntụgharị amagharị, dịka ọ dị tupu mmiri mmiri na - egbochi mmiri site na iji ammonium salts (usoro salting), a na - eji usoro a dịka usoro maka ọcha ha.

Lọ protein dị larịị bụ polymer nke nwere nsị nke α-L-amino acid (nke bụ monomers), na-agbanwekwa nsị amino acid na akụkụ nke ọdịdị amino acid na-esonye na njikọ nke protein. N'ime akwụkwọ sayensị, a na-eji ndebiri mkpụrụ edemede otu ma ọ bụ atọ iji zoo aka na amino acid. Agbanyeghị na nlele mbụ ọ nwere ike iyi na ojiji nke “naanị” ụdị amino acid n'ime ọtụtụ protein na-egbochi ụdị protein dị iche iche, n'eziokwu, ọnụọgụ nhọrọ agaghị amatabeghị: maka agbụ nke ahịhịa amino acid 5, ọ dịlarị ihe karịrị nde 3, yana silin nke afọ iri amino acid. enwere ike ịnọchi anya protin dị ihe karịrị 10,130. A na-akpọkarị protein site na afọ abụọ ruo ọtụtụ iri amino acid resid ogologo peptides, na ogo polymerization ka ukwuu - osa, n’agbanyeghi na nkewa a siri ike.

Mgbe emeputara protein dika nnwekorita nke otu α-carboxyl group (-COOH) nke otu amino acid na ndi α-amino (-NH)₂) nke amino acid ọzọ, a na-eke agbụ peptide. A na-akpọ nsọtụ protein ahụ N- na C-terminus, na-adabere na nke otu n'ime ọdụ ihe amino acid fọdụrụnụ bụ n'efu: -NH₂ ma ọ bụ -COOH. Na njikọta protein na ribosome, ihe mbu (N-termin) amino acid residue na-abụkarị nsị methionine, ma ihe ndị ọzọ na - esote na - agbakwunye na C-terminus nke bu ụzọ.

Njirimara nke nri protein, ndị na-eri nri

Ndị chọrọ ifelata kwesịrị iri nri anụmanụ na protein protin. Ọ dị mkpa ka ikewapụ ihe ha na-eri, n'ihi na oge maka imejuputa ha dị iche. A ga-atụfu ngwaahịa ndị nwere abụba, poteto ekwesịghị imegbu ya, ọka kwesịrị inwe ihe dị ka protein protin ga-ahọrọ.

Emela ihe gafere oke ma “nọdụ” n’elu nri protin. Odighi nma na mmadu nile, nihi na iwepu carbohydrates zuru oke gha eme ka iwetulata oru na ume oru. O zuru ezu iri nri nwere carbohydrates n'ụtụtụ - nke a ga - enye ike n'ehihie, n'ehihie, rie nri protein nwere obere. Iji mezue enweghi ike na mgbede, anụ ahụ ga-amalite ịmị anụ ahụ ọkụ, otu ọ bụla, usoro a ga - abụ nchekwa maka ahụ ike.

Gbalịa ịgụnye nri protin ziri ezi na nke kwesịrị nke ọma na nri gị. Maka ahụ, protein bụ ihe kachasị arụ ụlọ! Tinyere ọzụzụ oge niile, ọ ga - enyere gị aka iwulite ahụ egwuregwu mara mma!

Ndi na edozi protin bu ihe kemgwukal nke ihe di nkpa, n’enweghi ike oru ahu gaghi adi ike. Ihe ndi mejuputara nwere ihe ndi enzymes, sel nke akwara, akwara. Ha na - ahụ maka metabolic, ụgbọ njem na ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ na - eme ahụ mmadụ. Ndi na-edozi enweghi ike imubanye “n’iburu uzo”, ya mere aghaghi iju ha mmiri mgbe nile. Ha kacha mkpa maka ndị etinye aka na egwuregwu, n'ihi na a na-achịkwa protein.

Nhazi ọkwa

K. Lindstrom-Lang tụpụtara ịmata ọkwa dị iche iche nke 4 nke nhazi nke protein, nke mbụ, nke abụọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na akụkụ anọ. Ọ bụ ezie na nkewa a bụ ihe oge ochie, ọ ka na-eji ya. Ihe mebere polypeptide bụ ihe dịkarịsịrị mkpa ya (usoro amino acid), yana usoro iwu ya na-achịkwa usoro nke protein. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkụ nke protein dị n'oche dum na-ekpebi site na usoro amino acid, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya ma nwee ike ịdabere na ọnọdụ mpụga, ya mere ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi karịa ikwu banyere protein kachasị amasị ma ọ bụ nke kachasị ike.

Ọdịdị mbụ

Ihe kacha mma bu usoro amino acid n’usoro na otutu polypeptide. A na-akọwa ihe dịkarịsịrị protein nke ọma site na iji ya ede akwụkwọ edemede naanị ma ọ bụ atọ maka akwụkwọ amino acid.

Ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa nke usoro ahụ bụ ihe eji achọ nchekwa - njikọta nke amino acid residits nke na-arụ otu ọrụ ma achọta ya n'ọtụtụ protein. A na-echekwa ihe eji echekwa ihe n'oge okike, a na - enwe ike ịkọ amụma protein dị na ha. Enwere ike iji ogo nke usoro ọmụmụ (myirịta) nke usoro amino acid nke protein nke ihe dị iche iche na-eche iru ebe mgbanwe dị n'etiti taxa nke ihe ndị a nwere.

A pụrụ ịchọpụta usoro protein dị mkpa site na usoro usoro protein ma ọ bụ site na ntọala mbụ nke mRNA site na iji tebụl mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Ihe nke abuo

Ihe nke abuo bu nhazi nke mpaghara nke oke polypeptide site na njikọta hydrogen.Ihe ndị a bụ ụdị ihe dịkarịsịrị iche maka nhazi protein nke abụọ:

• α-helices dị okirikiri na-atụgharị n’akụkụ ogologo akụkụ nke molekul. Otu uzo bu ahihia amino acid 3.6, olulu nke helix bu 0,54 nm (0.15 nm na-adaba na nha amino acid). A na-eme ka gburugburu ahụ site na njikọta hydrogen n'etiti otu H na O peptide, gbasaa nkeji anọ. Ọ bụ ezie na α-helix nwere ike ịbụ aka ekpe ma ọ bụ aka nri, aka nri na-akachasị ihe nchebe. A na - akpaghasị anụrị site na njikọta electrostatic nke glutamic acid, lysine, arginine. Ọ dị nso na ibe, asparagine, serine, threonine na leucine nwere ike gbochie ntinye nke helix, nsị nke proline na-ebute ụdọ ma na-akpaghasị α-helices,
• Mpempe akwụkwọ (-sheets (akwa agbado) bụ ọtụtụ siliki polypeptide zigzigharị nke ekekọtara hydrogen n’etiti amino acid (0.34 nm per amino acid residue) na ntọala dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ụdọ protein dị iche (kama ịgbasa mbara, dị ka ọ dị na ya. nọrọ na α-helix). A na-ejikwa ụdọ ndị a na N-end n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ (ntụgharị ụzọ) ma ọ bụ n'otu ụzọ (β-structure-nhazi). Ọ ga-ekwe omume ịdị adị nke ihe mejupụtara consist-mejupụtara nke nwere ihe myirịta na ihe mgbochi β-ụlọ. Maka okike β-akwa, obere nha ndị dị n’etiti amino asịd dị mkpa, na-abụkarị glycine na ala.
• π-helix
• 3₁₀spirals
• iberibe anakpo.

Ihe omuma nke ulo akwukwo

Ihe owuwu ulo akwukwo bu ogwe osisi nke polypeptide. N'ụzọ nke mmụọ, ọ nwere ihe dị n'ụdị ụlọ nke abụọ kwụsịrị site na ụdị mmekọrịta dị iche iche ebe njikọta hydrophobic si arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa. Nkwụghachi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gụnyere:

• agbụ covalent (n'etiti ihe ndị dị n'ime cysteine ​​abụọ - ihe na-agbagha mmiri)
• ionic nkekọ dị n'etiti ndị nwere oke amino acid residised,
• agbụ hydrogen
• Mkparịta ụka hydrophobic. Mgbe gị na ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-emekọrịta ihe, a na-apịkọta protein protein ka ndị nọ n'akụkụ amino acid na-anọpụ iche na mmiri mmịkọ, na akụkụ hydrophilic akụkụ na-egosi n’elu elu molekul.

Ihe omumu banyere ihe ndi ozo banyere ihe ichoputara protein egosiputala na odi nma iji mata oke ozo n’etiti ogo nke abuo ya na ihe omimi nke atom. A na-ekpebi ụdị uwe a na-ahụ anya site na njikọta nke ihe mebere ụlọ nke abụọ (α-helices na β-strands) n'ime ngalaba protin - kọmpat gọọlụ nke nwere ike ịnwe ma ọ bụ bụrụ akụkụ nke protein buru ibu yana ngalaba ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, tụlee otu ihe dị na njirimara nke protein. Protin globular gosipụtara na ọnụọgụ ahụ n'akụkụ aka nri, triosophosphatisomerase, nwere motif mpịachi a na-akpọ α / c-cylinder: 8 stran-strands na-etolite β-cylinder n'ime cylinder ọzọ nke mejupụtara 8 α-helices. A na-ahụta ebumnuche a n'ihe dị ka 10% nke protein.

A maara na ihe eji achọ mma bụ ihe eji echekwa echekwa ma na-achọta ya na protein ndị na-enweghị mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta evolushọn. Kpebisie ike na ebumnuche nke ejiji nwere ike imepụta protein, dịka CATH ma ọ bụ SCOP.

Iji chọpụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị na protein, a na-eji ụzọ nyocha raa-ray, nyocha magnetik nuklia, na ụfọdụ ụdị microscopy.

Ọdịdị Quaternary

Ihe mejuputara akuku uzo abuo (ma obu subunit, ngalaba) bu ihe jikotara otutu uzo polypeptide dika ihe ndi nwere otu protein.Mụ irighiri ihe na-emepụta protein na mejupụtara n'ụdị nke quaternary na-akpụzi iche na ribosomes ma naanị mgbe nchịkọta gasị ka ha na-etolite ihe owuwu supramolecular. Protein protein a na-akpọ Quaternary nwere ike inwe ma ọ bụrụ otu na polypeptide ụdọ dị iche iche. Ndobe nke ulo Quaternary na-enwe otu mmekorita di iche iche dika nke isi na ulo akwukwo. Ọdịdị protein protein a na-ejigide ya nwere ọtụtụ melelọk.

Nkewa site n'ụdị ụlọ

Enwere ike kewaa protein n’otu ụzọ atọ dịka otu esi ewu:

1. Fibrillar protein - polymer etolite, ihe owuwu ya na-abụkarị nke ukwuu yana ọ na-akwadokarị site na mmekọrịta dị n'agbata agbụ dị iche iche. Ha na - akpụ microfilaments, microtubules, fibrils, ma na - akwado nhazi nke sel na anụ ahụ. Ihe ndi nchekwa Fibrillar gụnyere keratin na collagen.
2. Mkpụrụ mmiri nke Globular bụ mmiri na-ata mmiri, ụdị molekul dị karia ma ọ bụ obere.
3. Ihe ncheta Membrane - nwere ngalaba na-agbagha akpụkpọ ahụ, mana akụkụ nke ha na-esi na akpụkpọ ahụ banye n'ime gburugburu gburugburu na cytoplas cell. Ihe nchebe Membrane na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-anabata ihe, ya bụ, ha na-ebugharị ihe nrịba ama, ma na-enyekwa ụgbọ njem ncheta nke ihe dị iche iche. Ndị na-ebugharị protein, akọwapụtara nke ọ bụla, na-agafe nke ọ bụla na-agafe ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe ma ọ bụ otu ụdị mgbaàmà site na akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ihe nchebe dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju anya

Na mgbakwunye na ụdọ peptide, ọtụtụ protein gụnyere ndị na-abụghị amino acid, site na nke a, a na-ekewa protein a ụzọ abụọ - protein dị mfe ma sie ike (protein). Ihe nchebe dị mfe gụnyere naanị polypeptide n'agbụ, protein ndị nwere mgbagwoju anya nwekwara ihe ndị na-abụghị amino acid, ma ọ bụ prosthetic, otu. Dabere n'ụdị kemịkalụ nke ndị na - eme ihe na - emetụta ihe ọmụmụ ndị a n'etiti protein ndị siri ike:

Glycoproteins nwere ihe mkpokọ mkpụrụ osisi carbohydrate na-ejikọ ọnụ dị ka ìgwè na-eme ka a na-emegharị ahụ, glycoproteins nwere nsị mucopolysaccharide bụ nke subclass nke proteoglycans. N'ime nguzosi ndi nwere ahihia na ahihia, ndi hydroxyl nke serine ma obu threonine na - etinye aka. Imirikiti protein ndị dị na extracellular, karịchaa immunoglobulins, bụ glycoproteins. Na proteoglycans, akụkụ nke carbohydrate bụ

95% nke ngụkọta nke protein protein, ha bụ isi ihe dị na matriks intercellular,

2. Ihe omumu banyere ndu di. Ofzọ nke mmeputakwa.

1. Mmeputakwa na ihe di nkpa.

Mmeputakwa - omumu nke ihe di otu a, bu nke n’enye

ịdị adị nke ụdị dị iche iche maka ọtụtụ narị afọ na-atụnye aka na mmụba na

onu ogugu ndi mmadu n’iru, ihe ndi mmadu na acho. Semụ nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị

ahịhịa na-agbasa nke ahịhịa.

2. Mmeputakwa Asexual bu uzo mbu. Na

otu akụkụ na-enwe mmekọahụ, ebe ọ na-abụkarịkwa onye na-enwe mmekọahụ

mmadụ abụọ. Na osisi, ịmụ nwa ase site na iji mkpụrụ osisi - otu

mkpụrụ ndụ pụrụ iche. Mgbasa site na ihe dị iche iche nke algae, akpaetu, anụ ire,

na-apụnara ihe, fern. Uzo nke spores sitere na osisi, ha germination na mmepe nke

ha ka ha bụrụ ihe ọhụrụ na-enye aka n'ọnọdụ dị mma. Ọnwụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu

esemokwu ịdaba n'ọnọdụ ọjọọ. Eleghi anya ihe ndapụta

mkpụrụ ndụ ọhụrụ site na mkpụrụ maka na - - enweta obere nri

na seedling na-amịkọrọ ha tumadi na gburugburu ebe obibi.

3. Akwukwo ahihia - gbasa nke osisi

iji akụkụ ahịhịa: mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ nke dị n'okpuru ala, akụkụ nke mgbọrọgwụ,

akwukwo, tuber, bulbs. Isonye na ndu ahihia nke otu aru

ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya. Mmekorita nke umu nwanyi na nne ya, dika ya

na-aga n'ihu mmepe nke ahụ nne. Nnukwu arụmọrụ na

mgbasa nke ahịhịa ndụ na okike, dị ka ụrọ nke obere

Amalitere ọsọsọ site na akụkụ nke nne karịa site na spore. Nlele Nri

ozuzu: iji rhizomes - lily nke ndagwurugwu, Mint, wheatgrass, wdg, mgbọrọgwụ

obere alaka na-emetụ ala (ịkpụ) - currants, mkpụrụ vaịn ọhịa, afụ ọnụ

- strawberries, bulbs - tulip, daffodil, crocus. Iji ahịhịa

ozuzu mgbe na-eto eto akọ akọ: nduku na-propagated site na tubers,

kọlụm - eyịm na galik, ịkpụ - currants na gooseberries, mgbọrọgwụ

nkpuru - udara, piom, nkpuru - osisi nkpuru.

4. Mmekọahụ. Ihe di omimi

ịmụba sel sel (gametes), mkpụrụ nke na -akpo nwoke nke izizi

(spam) na ndi nwanyi (akwa) - njikọta na mmepe nke ohuru

Otu nwanyi sitere na akwa araputara. Ekelere njikọta spam

ngwa enyemaka nwere kromoromos di iche iche, nke putara ihe kariri

àgwà dị iche iche ketara eketa, n'ihi nke ọ nwere ike ịpụta

ọzọ na-emegharị na ebe obibi. Ọnụnọ nke ọmụmụ nwa

algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms na angiosperms. Ọkpụkpụ

usoro mmekọahụ na osisi n'oge mgbanwe ha, ọdịdị nke ihe ndị kacha gbagwojuru anya

na nkpuru osisi.

5. Mgbasa mkpụrụ na-apụta site n'enyemaka nke mkpụrụ,

Ọ bụ njirimara nke gymnosperms na angiosperms (angiosperms)

ahịhịa na-agbakwa ahịhịa juru ebe niile. Usoro nke usoro

mkpụrụ mgbasa: ntụghari - nyefee nke pollen na ihere nke pistil, ya

nkpuru osisi, iputa site na ikesa nkpuru abua, oganihu ha

Ovule, mgbe ahụ mkpakọta nke otu spam na akwa, nke ọzọ nwere

sekọndrị nke abụọ (na angiosperms). Formation si ovule mkpụrụ -

ẹmbrayo ya n’enye ihe oriri, na site na mgbidi nke akwa - nwa ebu n’afọ. Mkpụrụ -

nje nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ, n'ọnọdụ dị mma, ọ na-epulite na nke mbụ

na-eme ka mkpụrụ n’ezie nweta nri site na mkpụrụ nke ahụ, ma werekwa mgbọrọgwụ ya

na-amalite ịmịkọrọ mmiri na mineral site na ala, na akwụkwọ - carbon dioxide

gas si n’igwe n’igwe. Ndụ nnwere onwe nke ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ.

Protein biophysics

Ngwongwo anụ ahụ nke protein dị na sel, na-eburu n'uche akpụkpọ anụ mmiri na oke macromolecules (eng.) gbagwojuru anya. Ihe hypothesis nke protein dị ka usoro “kristal dị ka iwu” - “kristal aperiodic” - bụ nyocha nke X-ray na-akwado ya (rue mkpebi nke 1 angstrom), njupụta nke ukwuu, njikọ ọnụ nke usoro izigharị na eziokwu ndị ọzọ.

N'ịdabere n'echiche ọzọ, a na-ahụ ihe ngosipụta nke mmiri mmiri dịka protein na usoro nke intraglobular mmegharị (ihe atụ nke ịmịnye onwe ya ma ọ bụ mgbasa na-aga n'ihu) na-egosi site na nnwale na-agbasa, na Mössbauer visroscopy.

Universalzọ zuru ụwa ọnụ: njikọta ribosomal

A na-eke protein n'ime ihe dị ndụ site na amino acids na-adabere na ozi e tinyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mkpụrụ protein ọ bụla nwere usoro pụrụ iche amino acid resid, nke a na-ekpebi site na usoro nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ahụ na - egbochi protein. Mkpụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ ụzọ isi jupụta usoro nucleotide nke DNA (site na RNA) gaa n'usoro amino acid nke yinye polypeptide. Koodu a na-ekpebi mmekorita nke trinucleotide nke RNA, nke a na-akpọ codons, na ụfọdụ amino acids nke agụnyere na protein: usoro AUG nucleotide, dịka ọmụmaatụ, kwekọrọ na methionine. Ebe ọ bụ na DNA nwere ụdị nucleotides anọ, ngụkọta nke codeons nwere ike bụrụ 64, ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji amino acid 20 na protein, ọtụtụ amino asịd na-ekpebisi ike karịa otu ihe. Codeị atọ enweghị isi: ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akara nkwụsị maka njikọta nke ụyọkọ polypeptide ma a na-akpọ ya koodu nkwụsị, ma ọ bụ mkpọchi nkwụsị.

A na-ebu ụzọ abanye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nchebe na-abanye n’ime usoro nucleotide nke ozi RNA (mRNA) nke enzymes RNA. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ, protein nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-arụ ọrụ na ribosomes - igwe dị iche iche dị n'ụdị akwara cytoplas. A na - akpọ usoro nke ijikọ ụdọ polypeptide site na ribosome na matriks mRNA.

Nchịkọta protein protein Ribosomal bụ isi otu na prokaryotes na eukaryotes, mana ọ dị iche na ụfọdụ nkọwa. Ya mere, prokaryotic mRNA nwere ike ịgụ ribosomes n'ime usoro amino acid na protein ozugbo ozugbo edechara ma ọ bụ tupu emecha ya. Na eukaryotes, transcript bụ isi ga-ebu ụzọ nwee ọtụtụ mgbanwe ma gaa na cytoplasm (gaa na ọnọdụ nke ribosome), tupu ntụgharị amalite. Ọnụego protein njikọ dị elu na prokaryotes ma nwee ike iru amino acid 20 kwa sekọnd.

Ọbụna tupu mmalite nke ntụgharị, enzymes aminoacyl-tRNA na-etinye amino acid na ebugharị RNA (tRNA) ha kwekọrọ. Mpaghara tRNA, nke a na-akpọ anticodon, nwere ike ijikọ ọnụ na codeine mRNA, si otú a na-ejide nsonye nke ihe amino acid na njikọta na tRNA n'usoro polypeptide dabere na koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

N'oge usoro ntụgharị, mbido, onye mbido (ọ na-abụkarị methionine) codon na-amata site na obere mpaghara nke ribosome, nke aminoacylated methionine tRNA na-ejikọ site na iji ọdịnaya protein. Mgbe amatasịrị mkpụrụedemede ebido, nnukwu nta na-esonye na obere mpaghara ribosome, na ntụgharị nke abụọ, elongation, na-amalite. Nzọụkwụ ọ bụla nke ribosome si 5'-3 to-ngwụcha nke mRNA, a na-agụ mkpụrụedemede site na ịkpụkọ njikọ hydrogen n'etiti ya na ngwongwo njem RNA na ya, nke a na-ejikọ ọnụ amino acid ọzọ. Nmekorita nke njikọ nke Peptide n'etiti nkpuru amino acid nke nkpuru mbu negosi na nkpuru amino acid nke agbakwunye na TRNA bu nke ribosomal RNA (rRNA), nke mejuputara etiti transperase nke ribosome. Nke a na etiti guzobere atumatu nitrogen na carbon n’otu ebe dị mma maka ntụgharị uche. Agba nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ, ntụgharị, na-apụta mgbe ribosome rute codon na-akwụsị, mgbe nke a gasịrị, njikwa protein na-eme ka njikọ dị n'etiti tRNA ikpeazụ na yinye polypeptide, na-akwụsị njikọta ya. Na ribosomes, a na-ejikọ protein mgbe niile site na N-ruo C-terminus.

Neribosomal synthesis

Na obere fungi na ụfọdụ nje bacteria, usoro ọzọ (nke na-abụghị nke ribosomal, ma ọ bụ multienzyme) nke biosynthesis nke peptides, na-abụkarị nke obere na ihe ọhụrụ.Ngwakọta nke peptides ndị a, na-abụkarị metabolites nke abụọ, na-ebu site na nnukwu protein protein molekụla, NRS synthase, na-enweghị òkè nke ribosomes. NRS synthase na-abụkarị ọtụtụ ngalaba ma ọ bụ protein n'otu n'otu na-ahọrọ amino acid, na-etolite njikọ peptide ma hapụ peptide nwere njikọ. N'akpo, ngalaba a mebere usoro. Modul ọ bụla na-ahụ maka ịtinye nke otu amino acid na peptide synthesized. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a pụrụ inwe Ngwakọta NRS nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa modulu. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ogige ndị a gụnyere ngalaba nwere ike itomerizing L-amino acid (ụdị nkịtị) banye n'ụdị D.

Ngwakọta kemịkal

Enwere ike ịhazi protein dị mkpụmkpụ site na iji usoro njikọta Organ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ligation kemịkal. Ọtụtụ mgbe, njikọ nke kemịkalụ nke peptide na-apụta na ntụpọ site na C-terminus ruo na N-terminus, na-emegide ribosome biosynthesis. Ofzọ nke usoro kemịkalụ na-ewepụta obere peptides immunogenic (epitopes), nke a ga-abanyezi n’ime anụmanụ iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ngwakọ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-eji usoro a iji nweta ndị na-egbochi ụfọdụ enzymes. Ngwakọta kemịkal na-enye ohere iwebata nsị amino acid ndị a na-ahụghị na protein ndị a na-ahụkarị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nwere mpempe akwụkwọ fluorescence kegide n'akụkụ ha. Chemicalzọ kemịkal maka njikọ nke protein na-enwe ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi: ha anaghị arụ ọrụ na ogologo protein karịa 300 amino acid nsị, protein na-eme ka artifici nwere ike inwe nhazi usoro agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị isi na mmezi mgbanwe post-translation (lee n'okpuru).

Ntughari ntughari na ntughari

Mgbe ntụgharị ahụ zuru, ọtụtụ protein na-enwete mgbanwe kemịkalụ ọzọ nke akpọrọ mgbanwe nke ntụgharị. Ihe karịrị narị narị abụọ nke mgbanwe afọ-post-mgbe nke protein na-ama ka amaara.

Ngbanwe ntụgharị gasị na ntughari nwere ike hazie afọ ndụ nke protein n’ahụ, ọrụ enzymatic ha na mmekọrịta ha na protein ndị ọzọ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mgbanwe mgbanwe na-esote ọkwa bụ ọkwa dị mkpa ka mmadụ topụta ogo protein, ma ọ bụghị ya anaghị arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na maturation nke insulin na ụfọdụ homonụ ndị ọzọ, a na-achọ proteolysis nke ụyọkọ polypeptide, yana yana maturation nke protein plasma membrane, a chọrọ glycosylation.

Mgbanwe ntụgharị ama na ntanetị nwere ike ịbụ nke zuru ebe niile na nke na - adịghị ahụkebe, ruo na ndị pụrụ iche. Ihe atụ nke ngbanwe ọhaneze bụ ubiquitination (njikọta nke agbụ nke ọtụtụ ụmụ irighiri protein protein mkpụkọ mkpụmkpụ na protein), nke ga-abụ ihe mgbaàmà maka ikpochapu protein a site na protein. Mgbanwe ọzọ a na-ahụkarị bụ glycosylation - a na-ekwu na ihe dị ka ọkara nke protein mmadụ na-glycosylated. Mgbanwe ndị a na-adịkebeghị gụnyere pịakọtara ọnụ / detirozination na polyglycylation nke tubulin.

Otu protein nwere ike ị nweta ọtụtụ mgbanwe. Yabụ, histones (protein nke bụ akụkụ nke chromatin na eukaryotes) n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche nwere ike ịgụta ihe karịrị 150 mgbanwe dị iche iche.

E keziri mgbanwe ndị na-esote ntughari gaa:

• mgbanwe ndị mbụ sekit,
  • ọnụnọ nke N-terminal methionine fọdụrụ,
  • Proteolysis amachaghị - mwepu nke iberibe protein nwere ike ime site na nsọtụ (usoro nke usoro akara) ma ọ bụ, n'ụfọdụ, n'etiti etiti molekul (matulin insulin),
  • mgbakwunye nke ìgwè dị iche iche nke kemịkalụ iji mee ka amino na carboxyl dị iche iche (N-acylation, myristoylation, wdg),
• mgbanwe nke akụkụ ụdọ amino asịd,
  • mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ idobe obere obere kemịkal (glycosylation, phosphorylation, wdg),
  • mgbakwunye nke lipids na hydrocarbons,
  • mgbanwe nke ahihia amino acid n’enweghi ọkọlọtọ (nguzobe citrulline),
  • nguzobe nke ano anoghi anozizi n'etiti olulu mmiri cysteine,
• mgbakwunye nke obere protein (nchikota na ubiquitination).

Ragbọ njem intracellular na idozi

A ga-ebugharị protein ndị ahụ na cytoplasm nke sel eukaryotic gaa na sel dị iche iche: akwara, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (EPR), ngwa Golgi, lysosomes, wdg, na ụfọdụ protein ga-abanyerịrị na ọkara nke extracellular. Iji banye n'otu akụkụ nke ụlọnga, protein ahụ ga-enwerịrị akara aha akọwapụtara. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụdịrị ụdị a bụ akụkụ nke usoro amino acid nke protein n’onwe ya (peptide onye ndu, ma ọ bụ usoro akara nke protein), mana n’ụfọdụ, oligosaccharides agbakwunye na protein bụ akara.

A na-ebugharị njem nke protein n'ime ka ha na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ribosom na-ejikọ protein na usoro akara maka ndị Etiti “nọdụ” na protein ndị pụrụ iche na ya. Site na ndị Ethial rue ngwa Golgi, ma si ebe ahụ ruo na lysosomes na membrane mpụga ma ọ bụ nke extracellular, protein na-abanye site na ụgbọ njem vesicular. Ihe ndi nwere protein nuklia di gburugburu na-abanye akwara n’agha site na pores nke nuklia. Na mitochondria na chloroplasts, protein na-enwe usoro akara kwekọrọ kwekọrọ na-abanye site na onye ntụgharị okwu protein kpọmkwem yana ntinye nke chaperones.

Intanọgide na-enwe nhazi na mbibi

Nọgide na-enwe oghere dị larịị nke protin dị mkpa maka ọrụ ha. Mpempe ezighi ezi nke na-eduga na nchịkọta ha nwere ike ịbụ mmerụ ahụ, oxidation, ọnọdụ nrụgide, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ụwa na physiology nke sel. Njikọ nke protein dị iche iche bụ ihe e ji amata ịka nká. Ekwenyere na ịmịkọrọ protein na-adịghị mma bụ ihe kpatara ma ọ bụ njọ nke ọrịa dịka cystic fibrosis, ọrịa lysosomal. yana ọrịa neurodegenerative (Alzheimer, Huntington na Parkinson's).

Na usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ, e mepụtara usoro anọ iji gbochie nchịkọta protein. Abụọ mbụ - mpịachi ugboro ugboro (na-agagharị) site n'enyemaka nke chaperones na cleavage with proteases - achọtara ya na nje nje yana oke mkpụrụ ndụ. Autophagy na mkpokọta protein ndị na - ekwesịghị ekwesị nke na - adịghị membrane bụ ihe pụrụ iche bụ njirimara nke eukaryotes.

Ike nke protein ga-eme ka edoghachi ụdị ihe atọ dị mkpa ma e denyechaa ya mere ka anyị chee na ozi niile gbasara protein dị na usoro amino acid. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, echiche a na-egosi na njikọta protein ga-agbanwe nke ike nwere ntakịrị n'efu na-atụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ polypeptide nwere ike ime.

N’ime mkpụrụ ndụ enwere otu protein n’ọrụ nke ha bụ iji hụ n’ịkwụkọta protein ndị ọzọ mgbe njikọta ya na Ribosome, weghachite usoro nke protein n’otu mbibi ya, yana imepụta na ikesasị nke ogige protein. A na-akpọ protein ndị a chaperones. Ta ọtụtụ chaperones na sel na-abawanye site na mmụba dị elu na ọnọdụ ihu igwe, yabụ ha so na Hsp otu (ihe mkpuchi bekee na - edozi oke ọkụ). Ihe atụ nke α-crystallin chaperone gosipụtara ịdị mkpa ọrụ chaperones maka ịrụ ọrụ nke anụ ahụ, nke bụ akụkụ nke oghere mmadụ. Mgbanwe n'ime protein a na-eduga na oghere nke oghere n'ihi nchịkọta nke protein na, n'ihi ya, kama ọhụhụ.

Ọ bụrụ na-enweghị ike iweghachi ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, mkpụrụ ndụ na-emebi ya. A na-akpọ enzymes nke na-emebi ihe nchebe.Na ebe a na - alụ ọgụ nke mkpụrụ ọgwụ mkpụrụ osisi, enzymes protein na - ekewa n'ime endopeptidases na exopeptidases:

• Endopeptidases, ma ọ bụ proteinases, na-ekpocha agbụ peptide n'ime agbụ peptide. Ha na-amata ma na-ekekọta usoro peptide dị mkpụmkpụ ma kọọ mmiri nke ọma n'etiti ụfọdụ nsị amino acid.
• Exopeptidases hydrolyze peptides site na nsọtụ nke yinye: aminopeptidases sitere na N-terminus, carboxypeptidases sitere na C-terminus. N'ikpeazụ, dipeptidases na-ekpocha naanị dipeptides.

Dabere na usoro catalysis, International Union for Biochemistry na Molecular Biology na-akọwapụta ọtụtụ klọọkụ, gụnyere protein serine, protein aspartic, protein cysteine, na metalloproteases.

Specialdị nchekwa pụrụ iche bụ proteasome, nnukwu nchekwa multisubunit dị na akwara na cytoplas nke eukaryotes, archaea, na ụfọdụ nje.

Iji mee ka protein ahụ kpuchie anya protein ahụ, a ga-agharịrị ya n'akwụkwọ site na itinye obere protein protein ya. Mgbakwunye mmeghachi omume nke ubiquitin na-ejigide site na nsị enzymes ubiquitin. Ihe mgbakwunye nke motiini izizi izipu na protein bụụrụ mgbama maka ligases maka mgbakwunye na ụmụ irighiri ubiquitin. N'ihi ya, a na-ekekọta polyubiquitin n'ụdị protein ahụ, nke na-ejikọ ya na protein ahụ ma na-eme ka protein ahụ a zoro ezo kwụsị. Na mkpokọta, a na-akpọ sistem a emebi emebi protein na-emetụta oke osisi. Nmebi nke 80-90% nke protein intracellular na-eme na ntinye nke proteasome.

Mbibi protin na peroxisomes dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ sistemụ mkpanaka, gụnyere okirikiri sel, nhazi usoro nkwupụta mkpụrụ ndụ, na nzaghachi na nrụgide oxidative.

Autophagy bụ usoro mbibi nke biomolecules dịruru ndụ, ọkachasị protein, yana organelles na lysosomes (na anụ) ma ọ bụ oghere (na yist). Autophagy na-eso ọrụ dị mkpa nke sel nkịtị ọ bụla, mana ụkọ nri, ọnụnọ nke organel mebiri emebi na cytoplasm na, n'ikpeazụ, ọnụnọ nke na-agọnarị ihe nchebe na nchịkọta ha na cytoplasm nwere ike ịbụ mkpali maka ịkwalite usoro nke autophagy na mkpụrụ ndụ.

Arezọ atọ maka ịgwọ ọrịa atọ: microautophagy, macroautophagy, na chaperone-based autophagy.

N'oge microautophagy, macromolecules na iberibe akpụkpọ membranes na-ejide site na lysosome. N'ụzọ dị otu a, sel nwere ike igbari protein n’enweghị ike ma ọ bụ ihe ụlọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge agụụ). Mana usoro nke microautophagy na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị adị ma bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbari akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ime microautophagy, dịka ọmụmaatụ, microautophagy nke peroxisomes na akụkụ microautophagy nke nuclei nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-agbanwe na-akọwara na yist.

Na macroautophagy, akụkụ nke cytoplasm (nke na-enwekarị akụkụ ọ bụla) bụ mpaghara membrane nke yiri olulu mmiri endoplasmic reticulum. N'ihi nke a, saịtị abụọ kewapụrụ na cytoplasm nke membranes abụọ. A na-akpọ ụmụ irighiri akwara ndị dị n'ụdị abụọ ahụ autophagosom. Autophagosomes na-ejikọ ya na lysosomes, na-akpụzi autophagolysosomes, nke akụkụ ahụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke autophagosomes na-agbari. O doro anya na macroautophagy abụghị nke nhọrọ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị ya na site na enyemaka ya mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike iwepu organoids nke 'meworo ochie' (mitochondria, ribosomes, wdg).

Thirddị nke atọ autophagy bụ chaperone dabere. Na usoro a, ebugharị ebugharị nke protein na-ekesa site na cytoplasm site na akpụkpọ ahụ nke lysosome ruo oghere ya na-eme, ebe a na-agbari. Ofdị autophagy a, akọwapụtara naanị n'ụmụ anụmanụ, nrụgide na-emetụta ya.

JUNQ na IPOD

N’okpuru nrụgide, mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ eukaryotic enweghị ike ịnagide mkpokọba nke ọtụtụ protein na - eche na - eche, a ga - eziga ha n’ime otu ụdị akụrụngwa na - adịru nwa oge - JUNQ na IPOD (Bekee) Russian. .

A na-ejikọta JUNQ (Eng. JUxta Nuclear Ogo njikwa ogo) na mpụga nke membrane nuklia ma nwee protein ndị a na-ahụ anya nke nwere ike ibuga cytoplasm ngwa ngwa, yana chaperones na proteasomes. Ọrụ ebumnuche nke JUNQ bụ ịtụgharị na / ma ọ bụ wedata protein.

IPOD (Ebe a na-edebe ihe nchekwa protin insoluble) dị nso na etiti ikuku ma nweekwa protein na-akpụ akpụ amyloid. Nchịkọta nke protein ndị a na IPOD nwere ike igbochi mmekọrịta ha na ihe eji eme sel, kwesịrị, yabụ, ekwenyere na ntinye a nwere ọrụ nchebe.

Ọrụ nke protein n’ahụ

Dị ka makromolecules ndị ọzọ dị ndụ (polysaccharides, lipids na nucleic acid), protein bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ihe niile dị ndụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ sel. Ndi na-edozi ahụ n’arụ usoro metabolic. Ha bụ akụkụ nke ihe eji eme intracellular - organelles na cytoskeleton, zoro ezo na oghere extracellular, ebe ha nwere ike rụọ ọrụ dị ka mgbama a na-ebugharị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ, na-ekere òkè na mmiri hydrolysis nke nri na ịmepụta ihe intercellular.

Nhazi nke protein n’ọrụ dị ka ọrụ ha si bụrụ ihe aka ike, ebe ọ bụ na otu protein nwere ike ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ihe atụ nke amụrụ nke ọma maka ụdị ọrụ ahụ bụ lysyl tRNA synthetase, enzyme nke klas nke aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, nke na - abụghị na - ejikọ nsị nke lysine ka ọ bụrụ tRNA, mana na - achịkwa ntụgharị nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ndi protein na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ihi arụmọrụ ha. Yabụ, enzymes bụ protein myosin moto, protein protein kinase protein, na-ebuga protein sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, wdg.

Ọrụ catalytic

Ọrụ kachasị mara amara nke protein n'ime ahụ bụ nyocha catalysis nke mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị iche iche. Enzymes bụ protein nke nwere ihe na-emetụta catalytic, ya bụ, enzyme nke ọ bụla na-egbochi mmeghachi omume otu ma ọ bụ karịa. Enzymes na-eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya dịrị (catabolism) na njikọta ha (anabolism), gụnyere mmepụtaghachi DNA na idozi yana matrik RNA. Ka ọ na-erule 2013, a kọwaala ihe karịrị enzymes 5,000. Ọsọ nke mmeghachi omume n'ihi enzymatic catalysis nwere ike buru oke ibu: mmeghachi omume enzyme orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase, gafere ugboro iri na asaa 17 karịa nke a na-ejideghị (ọkara ndụ nke decarboxylation nke orotic acid bụ nde nde 78 na enzyme enzyme na enzyme 18 ahụ. A na-akpọ molecules nke na-etinye na enzyme ma gbanwee n'ihi mmeghachi omume ya bụ ọgwụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na enzymes na-abụkarị ọtụtụ narị nsị amino acid, naanị obere pere mpe na-ejikọ ndị mejupụtara ya, yana obere obere - na nkezi 3-4 nsị amino acid, nke dịkarịsịrị anya na ibe ya na isi ihe - na-etinye aka na catalysis. A na - akpọ akụkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ enzyme nke na - enye njikọ nke mkpụrụ yana catalysis.

Na 1992, International Union of Biochemistry na Molecular Biology kwuputara udi nke ikpehe ikike nke enzymes nke di na udi mmeghachi omume ha. Dika ogugu a si kwuo, aha enzymes aghaghi inwe njedebe -ihe ndabere na aha site catsized mmeghachi omume na ndị nọchiri. A na-enye enzyme nke ọ bụla otu koodu nke ọ dị mfe ikpebi ọnọdụ ya na nhazi nke enzymes.Dabere n'ụdị mmeghachi omume catalyzed, a na - ekezi enzymes niile n'ime klas 6:

• CF 1: oxidoreductases na-egbochi mmeghachi omume redox,
• CF 2: Ihe ntụgharị nke na-egbochi mbufe nke otu kemịkalụ site na otu mkpụrụ osisi na nke ọzọ,
• CF 3: Hydrolases na-ejikọ hydrolysis nke agbụ kemịkal,
• CF 4: Lyases na -emechi njikọ nke kemịkalị kemịkalụ na enweghị hydrolysis na nguzobe nkekọ abụọ na otu ngwaahịa.
• CF 5: Isomerases na-egbochi mgbanwe nhazi ma ọ bụ geometric na mkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ,
• CF 6: Ligges nke na-ejikọ njikọ nke kemịkalụ kemịkal n'etiti mkpụrụ abụọ n'ihi hydrolysis nke njikọ ATP diphosphate ma ọ bụ triphosphate yiri ya.

Ọrụ eji arụ ọrụ

Ihe nchebe nke cytoskeleton, dị ka ụdị ogwe aka, na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ na ọtụtụ organoids ma na-ekere òkè na-agbanwe ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Otutu ihe nchedo bu ihe eji eme ihe: actin na tubulin monomers bu ihe ima-nma, protein ndi na –esi ike, ma mgbe polymerization ha gha eme ogologo uzo nke mejuputara cytoskeleton, nke n’enye ogugu aka idozi udi. Collagen na elastin bụ ihe dị mkpa nke ihe na - eme ka ihe jikọrọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, klaasị), yana ntutu, mbọ, nku nnụnụ na ụfọdụ shells bụ protein protein nke ọzọ.

Ọrụ nchedo

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ọrụ nchedo nke protein:

1. Nchedo anụ ahụ. A na-enye nchebe nke anụ ahụ site na collagen, protein na-etolite ntọala nke ihe intercellular nke anụ ahụ na - ejikọta ya (gụnyere ọkpụkpụ, uturupụta, akwara na akwa nke anụ ahụ (dermis)), keratin, nke na-etolite ntọala nke ọta horny, ntutu isi, ábụbụ aka ya, mpi ya na ihe ndị ọzọ nke epidermis. A na-ahụkarị, protein ndị dị otú ahụ dịka protein nke nwere ọrụ nhazi. Ihe atụ nke protein nke otu a bụ fibrinogen na thrombin na - etinye aka na ịmịnye ọbara.
2. Ihe mgbochi kemịkal. Ijikọ ihe nsị na ụmụ irighiri protin nwere ike inye njupụta ha. Ọrụ dị mkpa dị mkpa na ịkwa mmadụ n'ime mmadụ bụ site na enzymes imeju na-emebi ihe ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nke na-emetụta ya, na-enyere aka iwepụ ngwa ngwa site n'ahụ ahụ.
3. Immune agbachitere. Ndi protein na-emejupụta ọbara na mmiri mmiri ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na mmeghachi ahụ nke anụ ahụ maka mmebi na ọgụ nke pathogens. Ndi na-edozi usoro mgbakwunye na ọgwụ mgbochi (immunoglobulins) so na protein nke otu nke abụọ, ha na-ewepụ nje, nje ma ọ bụ protein mba ọzọ. Ọgwụ mgbochi anụ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke sistemụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa, na-etinye aka na ihe ndị si mba ọzọ, na antigens, ma si na ha wezuga ha, na-eduga ha n'ebe mbibi. Enwere ike idobe ọgwụ mgbochi n'ime oghere nke intercellular ma ọ bụ dozie ya na membranes nke ọkaibe B-lymphocytes akpọrọ plasmocytes.

Usoro iwu

A na-achịkwa ọtụtụ usoro dị n’ime sel ndị ahụ site na ụmụ irighiri ihe protin, nke na-arụ ya abughi isi mmalite nke ike ma ọ bụ dịka ihe eji arụ ụlọ. Ihe nchebe ndị a na-achịkwa ọganihu sel n’usoro sel, ịtụgharị, ntụgharị, ntanye, ọrụ nke protein ndị ọzọ, na ọtụtụ usoro ndị ọzọ. Ndi na-edozi ihe n’oru n’ime aru oru n’ihi ihe ike enzymatic (dika imaatu, protein kinases), ma obu nihi otu ihe doro anya diri umu ihe ndi ozo. Yabụ, ihe ndị na - eme ka mmadụ bufee ya n’usoro, ihe na - eme ka ihe na - eme ihe, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe na - egbochi ihe banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Na ọkwa ntụgharị, a na-achịkwa ọgụgụ nke mRNA site na mgbakwunye nke ihe protein.

Ọrụ kachasị mkpa na nhazi nke usoro intracellular bụ nke egwuregwu protein na protein phosphatases - enzymes na-eme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ gbochie ọrụ nke protein ndị ọzọ site na ịrapara na ha ma ọ bụ iwepu ìgwè phosphate.

Ọrụ mgbaama

Ọrụ nrịbaama nke protein bụ ike nke protein na-arụ dị ka ihe na-egosi ihe, na-ebugharị akara n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ, anụ ahụ, akụkụ ahụ na nje. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ejikọ ọrụ mgbaàmà yana otu usoro nhazi, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ nchekwa intracellular na-edozi ahụ na-ebunye akara.

A na-arụ ọrụ akara a site na protein protein, cytokines, ihe uto, wdg.

Hormones na-ebu ọbara. Imirikiti homonụ anụmanụ bụ protein na peptides. Ijikọ homonụ na onye na-anabata ya bụ ihe mgbaàmà na-akpali nzaghachi sel. Hormones na - edozi oke nke ihe ndị dị n’ime ọbara na akwara, uto, ọmụmụ na usoro ndị ọzọ. Otu ihe atụ nke protein ndị dị otú ahụ bụ insulin, nke na-edozi oke nke glucose n'ọbara.

Sel na-emekọrịta ihe na ibe ya site na iji akara ngosi nke protein na-ebunye site na ihe dị n’etiti ihe ndị dị n’etiti ahụ. Protedị protein ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, cytokines na ihe ndị na eto eto.

Cytokines bụ peptide na-egosi irighiri ihe. Ha na-achịkwa mmekorita dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ, na-ekpebi nlanarị ha, na-akpali ma ọ bụ na-egbochi uto, ihe dị iche, ọrụ arụmọrụ na apoptosis, hụ na nhazi nke sistem, endocrine na sistem ụjọ. Otu ihe atụ nke cytokines bụ ihe na-ebute akwara necrosis, nke na-ebunye ihe mgbaàmà n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ nke ahụ.

Ọrụ spare (njikere)

Ihe nchebe dị iche iche gụnyere ihe ndị a na-akpọ protein nchekwa, nke echekwara dịka isi iyi nke ike na ihe dị na mkpụrụ nke osisi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 7S na 11S globulins) na akwa anụ. A na-eji ọtụtụ protein ndị ọzọ arụ ọrụ n'ime ahụ dịka isi iyi nke amino asịd, nke n'aka nke ya na-ebido ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-ahụ maka usoro metabolic.

Ọrụ Receptor

Ndị na-anabata protein ga-adị ma cytoplasm ma tinye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ. Otu akụkụ nke molekul na-anabata ihe na-enweta akara, nke ihe ndị kemịkalụ na-arụ, ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ - ọkụ, nrụgide ọrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbatị) na mkpali ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ekpughere mgbama nke akụkụ nke molekul - protein nke na - anabata ya - mgbanwe ya na - agbanwe. N'ihi nke a, njikọ nke akụkụ ọzọ nke molekul, nke na-ebunye mgbaama na akụkụ akụrụngwa ndị ọzọ, na-agbanwe. E nwere ọtụtụ usoro nnyefe mgbaàmà. Recefọdụ ndị na-anabata ya na-anọrọ ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ, ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọ dị ka ion, nke na-emeghe ma ọ bụ na-emechi akara nke ọrụ, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ejikọ ụmụ irighiri akwara dị n'ime ngwa ngwa. N'ebe ndị na-anabata membrane, akụkụ nke molekul na-ejikọ na akara mgbaàmà dị n’elu sel, ngalaba nke na-ebunye mgbaama ahụ nọ n’ime.

Ọrụ moto (moto)

Otu protein nke moto na-enye mmegharị ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwanye akwara, gụnyere locomotion (myosin), ngagharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ n’ime ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, amoeboid ije nke leukocytes), mmegharị nke cilia na flagella, yana arụ ọrụ na ntụgharị intracellular (kinesin, dynein) . Dyneins na kinesins na-ebugharị ụmụ irighiri ihe na microtubules na-eji ATP hydrolysis dị ka isi iyi ike. Dyneins na - ebugharị ụmụ irighiri ihe na organelles site na akụkụ akụkụ nke sel ahụ rue na centrosome, kinesins - n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Dyneins na-ahụ maka mmegharị nke cilia na flagella nke eukaryotes. Ihe dị iche iche nke cytoplasmic nke myosin nwere ike itinye aka na mbugharị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na organoids site na microfilaments.

Na-edozi ahụ na metabolism

Ọtụtụ microorganisms na osisi nwere ike ijikọ amino acid 20, yana amino acid ndị ọzọ (nke ọkọlọtọ), dịka citrulline.Ma ọ bụrụ na amino asịd dị na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọbụna microorganisms na-echekwa ike site na ibuga amino acid n'ime sel ma gbanyụọ ụzọ ndụ ha.

A na-akpọ amino acids nke anụmanụ enweghị ike ime. Isi enzymes ndị dị na ụzọ biosynthetic, dịka ọmụmaatụ, aspartate kinase, nke na-ebute nzọụkwụ mbụ na nguzobe nke lysine, methionine na threonine si aspartate, anọghị na ụmụ anụmanụ.

Anmụ anụmanụ na - enweta amino acid site na protein ndị dị na nri. A na-emebi protein n'oge nri, nke na-amalitekarị site na njiri nke protein site na itinye ya na gburugburu acid na hydrolyzing ya site na iji enzymes a na-akpọ protein. A na-eji ụfọdụ amino acid nwetara n’ihi mgbaze na-eme ka protein ndị dị n’ahụ pụta, ebe ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe ka ha nwee glucose n’oge gluconeogenesis ma ọ bụ na-eji usoro okirikiri nke Krebs. Iji protein dị ka isi iyi ike dị mkpa na ọnọdụ nke ibu ọnụ, mgbe protein nke anụ ahụ, ọkachasị akwara, bụ isi iyi nke ike. Amino acid bu kwa ihe di nkpa banyere nitan n’ime nri nke aru.

Onwebeghi nguzo n’otu n’enye mmadu n’enye protein. Microflora nke nnukwu eriri afọ na-achịkọta amino asịd ndị a na-adịghị elebara anya na nhazi nke protein protein.

Zọ ọmụmụ

A na-atụle usoro na ọrụ nke protein dị iche iche na nhazi nke ọcha in vitro, na gburugburu ebe obibi ha n'ime anụ ahụ dị ndụ, na vivo. Ihe omumu ihe banyere protein n’ile anya n’okpuru onodu ichoro bara uru n’ikpeputa oru ha: njiri mara nke ihe ana-eme n’enye enzymes, ihe mmekorita n’iru ndi ozo di iche, wdg. na vivo na mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ niile na - enye ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara ebe ha na - arụ ọrụ na otu esi edozi usoro ha.

Molecular na akụrụngwa akwara

A na-ejikarị usoro molecular na cellulite ọmụmụ njikọ na ịkọwapụta nke protein n'ime ụlọ. A na-ejikarị usoro nke ịmụ nshịkọ, dabere na njikọta nke protein chimeric na sel, nwere protein a mụrụ, ejikọtara na "onye na-akọ akụkọ", dịka ọmụmaatụ, protein protein na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ (GFP). A pụrụ ịhụ ebe enwere ụdị protein dị na sel site na iji microscope fluorescence. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji anya nke protin na-ahụ anya site na iji ọgwụ mgbochi na-amata ha, nke na-ebu akara ngosi ọkụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, n'otu oge a na protein a mụrụ, a na-ahụkarị protein ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka endoplasmic reticulum, ngwa Golgi, lysosomes, na vacuoles, nke na-enye ohere maka mkpebi ziri ezi karị ịkọwapụta protein a mụrụ.

Imzọ immunohistochemical na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi ọgwụ nke na-eme ka enzymes na-ejikọ ihie nke ngwaahịa lumines ma ọ bụ nke nwere agba, nke na-enye gị ohere iji kọwaa ntinye na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protein a na-amụrụ n'omume ahụ. Morezọ ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ịchọpụta ebe nchekwa dị bụ ihazi ogo mkpụrụ akwụkwọ sel ke gradi nke sucrose ma ọ bụ cesium chloride.

N'ikpeazụ, otu n'ime usoro oge gboo bụ microscopy immunoelectronic, nke dịkarịsịrị iche na immikofluorescence microscopy yana ọdịiche nke eji microscope elektrọn. Ihe nlele a buzi maka microscopy elektrọn, wee jiri ogwu mgbochi mepụta protein na ejikota na ihe elektron-dense, na-adi edo.

N'iji mutagenesis nke saịtị na-eduzi, ndị nchọpụta nwere ike ịgbanwe usoro amino acid nke protein ma, n'ihi ya, oghere ya, ọnọdụ ya na sel yana usoro ọrụ ya. Site na iji usoro a, na-eji tRNA ndị gbanwetụrụ, mmadụ nwekwara ike ịme amino asịd n'ime kọmpụta ma jiri njikwa ọhụrụ rụọ protein.

Biochemical

Iji nyocha in vitro A ga-asachapụ protein ahụ n’ime ngwa cellular ndị ọzọ. Usoro a na - ebido na mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ yana inweta ihe akpọrọ mkpụrụ wepụ. Ọzọkwa, site na iji centrifugation na usoro iji mee ihe, enwere ike kee ihe mmịpụta a: irighiri ihe nke nwere protein soluble, akụkụ nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ membrane na protein.

A na-eji mmiri protin site na ịmịnye ya ihe na-egbochi protein, yana na-enyekwa ohere itinye protein. Nchịkọta sedimentation (centrifugation) na-enye gị ohere ịgwakọta ngwakọta protein site na uru nke ịdị n'otu oge nke protein dị n'otu, nke a tụrụ na svedbergs (S). Ejiri ụdị chromatography dịgasị iche iche iji wepụta protein achọrọ ma ọ bụ protin ndị dabere na njirimara dịka ọkpụrụkpụ molik, ụgwọ, yana mmekọ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ikewapụ protein dị ka ụgwọ ha site na iji electrofocus.

Iji mee ka usoro nhicha protein dị mfe, a na-ejikarị usoro ihe ọmụmụ, nke na-enye gị ohere ịmepụta usoro nke protein dị mma maka ịsacha na-enweghị emetụta usoro ha ma ọ bụ ọrụ ha. “Akwụkwọ nyocha”, nke bụ obere usoro amino acid, dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbụ 6 ma ọ bụ karịa nsị histidine, ma jikọtara ya na otu njedebe nke protein. Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ nke na - eme “protein” akara protein na - agafe na kọlụm chromatographic nwere nickel ion, histidine na - ejikọ ya na nickel ma nọgide na kọlụm ahụ, ebe ihe ndị ọzọ dị na lysate na-agafe na kọlụm na - egbochi (nickel-chelate chromatography). Emebela ọtụtụ aha ndị ọzọ iji nyere ndị nchọpụta aka wepụta ihe nchebe ụfọdụ na ngwakọta mgbagwoju anya, na-ejikarị chromatography mmekọrịta.

Enwere ike kpebie ogo ịdị ọcha protein ya ma ọ bụrụ na amaara motiikiikiiki ya na ntụpụ iche - na-eji ụdị gel electrophoresis dị iche iche - ma ọ bụ site na ịtụ ọrụ enzymatic ma ọ bụrụ na protein ahụ bụ enzyme. Mass spectrometry na-enye gị ohere ịchọpụta protein ahọpụtara site n'ibu mpụta ya na ọtụtụ iberibe ya.

Ihe nchebe

A na-akpọ ngụkọta nke protein cell na - enwe nchebe, ọmụmụ ya - proteomics, nke ana - akpọ ya site na ntụnyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Protezọ ụzọ nnwale nke nnwale.

• Elekere elekere elekere anya 2D, nke na-enye ohere ike nke njikọta protein protein dị iche iche.
• igwe egwu, nke na - eme ka a mata njirimara nke protein site na oke nke ndị mejupụtara peptides nwere nnukwu mmịpụta,
• microarrays protein, nke na-enye gị ohere ịlele ọdịnaya nke ọtụtụ protein n'ime sel, n'otu oge.
• abụọ-ngwakọ yist usoro , nke na-enye gị ohere iji usoro ọmụmụ protein-protein na-emekọ ihe.

A na-akpọ ngụkọta nke mmekọrịta niile dị mkpa nke protein na sel. Usoro ọmụmụ nke usoro nke protein na-anọchite anya ụdị ọ bụla nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka ana-akpọ usoro nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ.

Ructlọ amụma na Nhazi

Amụma nke gbasara oghere ọfụma na iji mmemme kọmputa (na silico) na-enye ohere ịmepụta ụdị protein nke usoro ya na -ababeghị nyochawa. Thedị amụma ihe ịga nke ọma kachasị, nke a maara dị ka ụdị nke mmadụ si arụ ọrụ, na-adabere n'ụdị “usoro” dị ugbu a, nke yiri amino acid usoro ya na protein a na-egosipụta. A na-eji usoro iji buo amụma gbasara ogwugwu nke protein n’etolite usoro ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe n’ilekwasị anya, site n’enyemaka nke enwetarala ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara. Ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya dị mgbagwoju anya bụ amụma nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dịka ị mepụta njegharị na ịkọwa na mmekọrịta nke protein.

A ga-emegharị mmekọrịta na ịmegharị mmekọrịta ya na protein n'ime otu site na iji sistemụ igwe. , nke kachasị, dynamics moliiki na usoro Monte Carlo, nke na-abawanye uru na myirịta na kesinịta kesara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, oru nchekwa ụlọ nchekwa).Nhazi nke obere protein na-efe efe, dị ka protein villin ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-egbochi nje HIV, abụwo nke ọma. na silico. N'iji usoro ngwakọ na-agwakọta agwakọta molecula na sistemụ klọm, a na-eme nchọpụta steeti elektrọniki nke usoro visment rmentpsin.