Norms nyocha nke biochemical nke ọbara, nyocha, ihe kpatara ịba ụba na mbelata ihe ngosipụta na tebụl

Ọgụ ọbara zuru ezu (KLA) bụ nyocha izizi iji bido ịchọpụta ọrịa ma ọ bụ nyocha mgbochi nke dọkịta dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha ahụike kwa afọ. Enweghị nnwale a dị mfe ma dị mkpa, ọ gaghị ekwe omume iji nlezianya nyochaa ọnọdụ ahụike mmadụ. A na - akpọ KLA akwụkwọ nyocha ọhụụ ma ọ bụ naanị nyocha ọbara, mana enwerekwa nkọwa zuru ezu, nke metụtara ọmụmụ zuru ezu banyere usoro leukocyte ma jiri ya mee ihe mgbe onye ọrịa nwere akara nke ọrịa ahụ.

Dị ka akụkụ nke KLA, a na-enyocha sel ọbara atọ niile: sel ọbara ọbara nke nwere akụkụ ahụ na - eku ume, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha - ndị na - alụso ọgụ ọgụ, na platelet - na - agbachitere ọbara ọgbụgba. Agbanyeghị, ụlọ nyocha ahụ na-ekpebi ọ bụghị naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a. Celldị sel ọbara nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egosi na nke dọkịta nwere ike ikpebi akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ otu akụkụ. Cipkọwapụta nsonaazụ nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu ya bụ ọrụ nke dọkịta, onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ nke ụmụaka, n'ihi na ọ bụghị naanị ọnụọgụ dị na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ, yana njikọta nke ụzọ dị iche iche na ibe ya, yana data nke enwetara n'oge nyocha, nyocha na usoro nyocha ndị ọzọ.

A na-ewere ọbara iji mee nyocha niile gbasara ndị okenye okenye site na iji mkpịsị ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ site na akwara nwere sirinji. N'ime ụmụ aka, a na-ewere ụfọdụ KLA site na ntị ma ọ bụ ikiri ụkwụ, n'ihi na mkpịsị aka dị obere ma ọ na-esiri ike ịbanye na akwara. Ekwenyere na ọbara venous ka mma maka nyocha - o nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara na hemoglobin karịa ọbara a na-achọ ọbara. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iwere ọtụtụ ihe site na akwara ozugbo, nke mere na ọ bụrụ na nyocha ndị ọzọ dị mkpa, a gaghị eziga onye ahụ n'ụlọ nyocha ahụ ọzọ.

Ugbu a, imirikiti ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ ọgwụ nwere ihe nyocha na-akpaghị aka. Maka ya, a na-etinye ọbara nke onye ọrịa ahụ ozugbo na arịa pụrụ iche nke nwere anticoagulant - vacutainer. Onye nyocha ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma na-eme ka usoro nke inweta nsonaazụ nyocha ọbara dị, ma ọ bụrụ na achọtara ihe dị iche site na ụkpụrụ ahụ na njirimara ahụ, ọ bụrụ na igwe ọgụgụ isi nke atọ nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere ike imehie ihe na mgbawa ahụ. Ya mere, nyocha ọ bụla ewerere ka dị n'okpuru ngwa mmado na mbupute enyo, nyocha na nyocha ihe nlele n'okpuru mikroskopu.

E nwetara data ndị a natara na mpempe akwụkwọ ma zigara ya dibia bekee ma ọ bụ nye ya onye ọrịa. Ọ bụrụ na eduzi ọmụmụ ihe ahụ "ụzọ ochie", ọ gaghị esiri gị ike ịghọta ndekọ nke onye nyocha ụlọ nyocha, n'ihi na aha ndị na-egosi ihe niile na ọbụna ụkpụrụ ha ga-egosi ebe ahụ. Ma ọ bụrụ na emere nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu onye nyocha ngwa ngwa, akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ga-abụ mbipụta akwụkwọ nwere njiri mara nke nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede Latin. N'ebe a, ị ga - enwe ike ịkọwapụta nsonaazụ anyị, anyị ga - ewetakwa ozi niile dị mkpa: nnwale ọbara n'ozuzu maka ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụaka nke afọ dị iche iche n'ụdị tebụl na ndepụta nke enwere ike ịdakwasị ihe kpatara ndị na - egosi ma ọ bụ belata.

Na oghere nke netwọk ị nwere ike ịchọta ọtụtụ tebụl yiri ibe ha nke ịdị mkpa dị iche iche, data dị na ha nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Nke a abaghị uru ichegbu onwe gị maka ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọnwale ọnụọgụ bụ ihe egosiri na-egosipụta ọghọm nke ọnụọgụ ọkọlọtọ. Na mgbakwunye, a ga-ekpebi nsonaazụ nke nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu ya na nsonaazụ nke nyocha ndị ọzọ - ọ gaghị ekwe omume igosipụta nchoputa ziri ezi site na iji naanị KLA, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa ịgbalị ime ya.

Kedu otu esi akwadebe tupu ịlele ọbara maka nyocha biochemical.

Nọọsụ na-adọta ọbara site na onye ọrịa ahụ nkeji ole na ole, usoro a anaghị akpata ahụ erughị ala ọ bụla. Nnyocha osisi, dị ka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ, chọrọ nkwadebe na nnabata na ọtụtụ nhọrọ dị mfe:

• A ghaghi iburu ọbara n ’afọ efu,
• nri ehihie na abali ekwesịghị inwe tii na kọfị siri ike, ọ ka mma ị drinkụ mmanya na-egbu egbu na mmanya maka ụbọchị 2-3,
• 24 awa kwesịrị ịhapụ usoro ikuku ọ bụla (bat, sauna) na mgbatị ahụ dị arọ,
• a na-eme nyocha n'isi ụtụtụ, nke mbụ, tupu usoro ọgwụgwọ (ụmụ nwanyị, inje, ọgwụ na-ese).
• mgbe onye ọrịa bịara n'ụlọ nyocha ahụ, ọ bụ ihe amamihe dị na ya ka ọ nọrọ ọdụ maka nkeji iri na ise tupu ya obara ọbara, ijide ume ya wee wetuo obi,
• iji chọpụta ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara, onye ọrịa ekwesịghị ịsacha ezé ya, drinkụọ tii ma ọ bụ kọfị n'ụtụtụ tupu nyocha, ọbụlagodi na "ụtụtụ gị bidoro kọfị", ị ga-ezere ya,
• tupu ịkwaa ọbara, ọ gaghị adị mma ị drugsụ ọgwụ hormonal, ọgwụ nje, diuretics na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ.
• izu abụọ tupu nyocha ahụ, ịkwesịrị ịkwụsị ị drinkingụ ọgwụ na -ebelata mkpokọta lipids n'ime ọbara (lee statins iji belata cholesterol),
• ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, a ga-enyochaghachi nyocha ahụ n'otu oge nke ụbọchị, n'otu ụlọ nyocha ahụ.

Isiokwu nke nyocha ihe banyere biochemical nke ọbara na nyocha

Ihe ngosiputa	Nkịtị
Ngụkọta protein	63-87 g / l
Akụkụ protin:

• albumin
• globulins (α)₁, α₂, β, γ)

• 35-45 g / l
• 21.2-34.9 g / l

Urea2,5-8.3 mmol / LCreatinine

• 44mụ nwanyị 44-97 micromoles kwa lita
• Ndị ikom 62-124

Uric acid

• N'ime ụmụ nwoke - 0.12-0.43 mmol / l
• N'ime ụmụ nwanyị - 0.24-0.54 mmol / l

Glucose3,5-6,2 mmol kwa litaOle cholesterol3.3-5.8 mmol / LLDLihe na-erughị 3 mmol kwa litaHDL

• womenmụ nwanyị karịrị ma ọ bụ hara n ’1.2 mmol kwa otu lita
• ụmụ nwoke 1 mmol kwa lita

Triglyceridesihe na-erughị 1.7 mmol kwa litaMkpokọta bilirubin8.49-20.58 μmol / LDirect bilirubin2.2-5.1 μmol / LAlanine aminotransferase (ALT)Ruo 38 nkeji / lMee ka aminotransferase (AST)Ruo 42 U / LAlkaline phosphatase (alkaline phosphatase)Ruo 260 nkeji / lNtugharị Gamma Glutamyl (GGT)

• N'ime ụmụ nwoke - ruru 33.5 U / L
• N'ime ụmụ nwanyị - ruru 48.6 U / L

Kinine (QC)Ruo 180 nkeji / lΑ-amylaseruru 110 E kwa literSodium130-155 mmol / lPotassium3.35-5.35 mmol / L

Nchikota protein na irighiri ihe ya

Protein na arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n’anụ ahụ, ọ na-esonye n’ịwu sel ọhụrụ, usoro mgbochi ọgwụ mmadụ gburu-gburu na ibugharị ihe. Ndi na - edozi protein nwere otutu amino acid 20, n’agbanyeghi na ha nwere ike itinye vitamin, ihe inorganic (ọla), na nkpuru ahihia.

Akụkụ mmiri dị n’ime ọbara nwere ihe dịka 165 dị iche iche protein, nke dị iche n’usoro na ọrụ ya n’arụ. E kewara protein niile n’uche atọ ma ọ bụ irighiri ihe: albumin, globulin (α)₁, α₂, β, γ) na fibrinogen. Ebe ọ bụ na emeputara protein n’imeju n’ime imeju, ihe ndị dị n’ime ha na-egosipụta ọrụ sịntetik nke akụkụ a.

Mbelata nke protin niile a na-akpọ hypoproteinemia (lee mkpokọta protein n'ime ọbara). Ọnọdụ a na-aputa mgbe:

• agụụ protein (nri anaghị eri anụ, nri anaghị edozi protein).
• mụbara ya na mmamịrị (ọrịa akụrụ, proteinuria nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime),
• ọbara ọgbụgba (oge buru ibu, imi),
• na-enwu ọkụ, karịsịa na-egbu mmụọ
• ihe achọrọ Plasma n'ime oghere afọ (ascites), udara olu (ike ịkwa iko), pericardium (pericardial effusion),
• neoplasms malignant (kansa cancer, kansa kansa),
• imebi usoro nke protein (ịba ọcha n'anya, ọrịa)
• ọgwụgwọ ogologo oge na glucocorticosteroids,
• mbelata ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe ghara ịmị mkpụrụ (enteritis, colitis, ọrịa celiac, pancreatitis).

A na-akpọ mmụba na protein dum, a na-akpọ hyperproteinemia, ọnọdụ a nwere ike ịbụ nke ikwu na nke zuru oke. Mmụba dị na protein na-apụta na ọnwụ nke mmiri mmiri Plasma (ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ na-esote). Mmụba dị ukwuu na protein na-apụta na usoro mkpali (n'ihi globulins), myeloma. Ọrụ anụ ahụ na mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ahụ na-agbanwe ndọpụ nke ihe a 10%.

Isi ihe kpatara mgbanwe a na mkpokọta ụmụ irighiri protein

Akụkụ protin bụ: albumin, globulin na fibrinogen. Achọpụtaghị Fibrinogen na nyocha kemịkal. Mkpụrụ protein a na-egosipụta usoro coagulation ọbara. A na-ekpebi ya na nyocha dị ka coagulogram.

Ọnụego mmụba

• mmiri ọmụmụ na-efe efe na ọrịa na-efe efe (akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ)
• ọkụ ọrịa

Metabolism Nitrogen

Na mgbakwunye na ịrụ ụlọ sel, ahụ na-emebikwa emebi ha na-aga n'ihu, yana nchịkọta ụrọ nitrogen. Ihe ndị a na-egbu egbu na-etolite na imeju na akụrụ ewepu ya. Ya mere, mmụba na nsị ọbara nwere ike igosi ma mbelata ọrụ nke akụrụ na imeju yana oke mbibi nke protein. Ihe kacha gosipụta metabolism nitrogen gụnyere:

• urea na creatinine
• a na-ekpebikarị, ihe mkpofu nitrogen, creatine, uric acid, amonia, indican na ndị ọzọ.

Gịnị kpatara ọkwa nke nsị ọbara ji agbanwe?

Albumin	Globulins
-Globulins: nnukwu purulent mkpali Filiks, systemic ọrịa nke anụ ahụ jikọrọ (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid ogbu na nkwonkwo), na-ere ọkụ n'oge mgbake, ọrịa nephrotic na glomerulonephritis. Glo- globulins: hyperlipoproteinemia (atherosclerosis, ọrịa shuga mellitus), nephrotic syndrome ọnya afọ na afọ, hypothyroidism. Glo- globulins: nje na nje na-efe efe, systemic ọrịa nke anụ ahụ jikọrọ (scleroderma, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid ogbu na nkwonkwo), na-agba ọkụ allergies mwakpo nke helminthic.

• nnukwu na ala ala glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis,
• nephrosclerosis,
• nsen na nnu merementi, dichloroethane, ethylene glycol,
• ọrịa mberede (syndrome agbatị ruo ogologo oge),
• ọbara mgbali ike
• Ọrịa polycystic akụrụ,
• ọrịa akụrụ,
• nnukwu na akwara gbasara akụrụ odida

Ihe kpatara mmụba a	Ihe kpatara mbelata
mgbe nchịkwa glucose, mmụba mmamịrị (polyuria), mgbe ọ gbasachara ụkwụ, imeju imeju ibu ọnụ metabolic iju hypothyroidism
	nnukwu na gbasara obere gbasara akụrụ, hyperthyroidism acromegaly decompensated ọrịa shuga mellitus, eriri afọ, muscle dystrophy oke oku
	Uric acid gout leukemia B-12 ụkọ anaemia Ọrịa Wakez nnukwu ọrịa ọrịa imeju ọrịa shuga siri ike oria akpụkpọ (dermatitis, pemphigus), nsị na barbiturates, carbon monoxide

Ọbara glucose

Ihe na-eme ka glucose bụ ihe na-egosi metabolism metabolism. Ihe a bụ ngwaahịa bụ isi ike na-abanye na sel, ọ bụ site na glucose na oxygen ka mkpụrụ ndụ na-enweta mmanụ maka ndụ ọzọ.

Ọrịa glucose na-abanye n’ọbara ọbara mgbe ị risịrị nri, wee banye n’imeju, ebe a na-etinye ya dịka glycogen. A na-achịkwa usoro ndị a site na homonụ nke pancreatic - insulin na glucagon (lee norm glucose ọbara).

• A na-akpọ ụkọ glucose ọbara.
• Ngafe - hyperglycemia.

Kedu ihe na-eme ka mmụba dị n'ọbara nke glucose n'ọbara?

Hypoglycemia	Hyperglycemia
ibu ọnụ ogologo oge malabsorption nke carbohydrates (colitis, enteritis, nsị syndrome), ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya hypothyroidism ụkọ nke adrenal cortex, hypopituitarism, ịdoụ insulin ma ọ bụ ọgwụ hypoglycemic ọgwụ (ọrịa shuga, glibenclamide, wdg), meningitis (etutoalụ, purulent, cryptococcal), encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, insuloma sarcoidosis	Gdị SUGAR DIABETES 1 na 2 thyrotoxicosis, etuto ahụ, neoplasms nke eriri afọ adrenal, pheochromocytoma, ọgwụgwọ glucocorticoid Akwụkwụ na-adọ ụbụrụ na ọnya afọ, nsị carbon monoxide, mkpali uche

Ọkpụkpụ Metabolism Pigment

N'ime ahụ mmadụ, enwere protein dị iche iche nwere agba. Na - abụkarị peptides ndị nwere ọla ọ bụla (iron, ọla kọpa). Ndị a gụnyere: haemoglobin, cerulloplasmin, myoglobin, cytochrome na ndị ọzọ. Ihe ngwụcha ngwụcha nke protein dị otú ahụ bụ bilirubin na ụmụ irighiri ya. Kedu ihe na-eme bilirubin n’ahụ?

Mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie na-ejedebe na spleen, mkpụrụ ndụ ya bara uru na-akụghasị. N'ihi biliverdin reductase, e guzobere bilirubin, nke a na-akpọ anọghị ma ọ bụ n'efu. Bildị bilirubin a na-egbu egbu nye ahụ dum, yana ụbụrụ. Mana n'ihi eziokwu na ọ na - ejikọ albumin ọbara ngwa ngwa, anụ ahụ anaghị emerụ ahụ. Ma na ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya, ọrịa nrịba, ọ dị elu, n'ihi na ọ dịghị agbanye na glucuronic acid.

Ọzọkwa, n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ imeju, bilirubin na-apụtaghị ìhè na-ejikọta glucuronic acid (na-agbanye ma ọ bụ na-eduzi ya, na-adịghị egbu egbu), arụmọrụ ya dị elu nanị na biliary dyskinesia, nwere ọrịa Gilbert (lee ihe kpatara bilirubin n'ọbara). Na nyocha, bilirubin kwụ ọtọ na-etolite na mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (dịka ọmụmaatụ, yana ịba ọcha n'anya).

Mgbe ahụ bilirubin na-abanye na bile, nke a na-ebugharị site na akwara mmiri na-eduga n'ọrịa ọbara, ma banye na lumen nke duodenum. N'ebe a, a na-emepụta urobilinogen site na bilirubin, nke a na-enweta site na obere eriri afọ na-abanye n'ọbara, ma banye n'ime akụrụ, na-enwe mmamịrị na-acha odo odo. Ihe ndị ọzọ, na-erute eriri afọ, n'okpuru ọrụ nke enzymes nje na-aghọ stercobilin na stains feces.

Kedu ihe kpatara jaundice?

E nwere usoro atọ:

• mmụba nke haemoglobin na protein ndị ọzọ na-acha (ọbara ọgbụgba, agwọ agwọ, hyperfunction pathologies) na - enweghị usoro bilirubin hiri nne nke imeju na - enweghị oge iji hazie ya.
• Ọrịa imeju (ịba ọcha n'anya, ọrịa nrịanrịa, neoplasms) - a na-amalite ụbe ahụ na olu nkịtị, mana mkpụrụ ndụ imeju nke ọrịa ahụ enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ha.
• imebi ihe mmeru aru (cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, nnukwu cholangitis, etuto nke isi pancreas) - n'ihi mkpakọ nke bile ducts, bile anaghị abanye na eriri afọ, kama ọ na-agbakọ na imeju, na-akpata mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ya na nloghachi bilirubin laghachi n'ọbara.

Ọnọdụ atọ a dị oke egwu maka ahụike mmadụ, ha chọrọ nlekọta ahụike ozugbo.

Ọgwụ metabolism ma ọ bụ cholesterol

Lipids na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ndụ nke sel. Ha na-ekere òkè na ịrụ mgbidi ụlọ, nguzobe nke bile, ọtụtụ homonụ (homonụ nwoke na nwanyị, corticosteroids) na vitamin D. Fatty acids bụ isi iyi ume maka akwara na anụ ahụ.

E kee abụba niile dị n’ahụ mmadụ ụzọ atọ:

• triglycerides ma ọ bụ abụba na-anọpụ iche,
• cholesterol zuru ezu na iberibe ya,
• phospholipids.

N'ime ọbara, lipids dị n'ụdị ndị a:

• chylomicrons - nwere otutu triglycerides,
• npoproteins dị elu (HDL) - gụnyere 50% protein ¸ 30% phospholipids na 20% cholesterol,
• Lipoproteins dị ntakịrị (LDL) - nwere protein 20%, 20% phospholipids, 10% triglycerides na 50% cholesterol,
• Lipoproteins dị mkpụmkpụ (VLDL) - nke emere n'oge ndakpọ nke LDL, gụnyere oke cholesterol.

Nke kacha dị mkpa gbasara nyocha gbasara nyocha bụ kọleji, LDL, HDL na triglycerides (lee iwu cholesterol). Mgbe ị na-a bloodụ ọbara, a ga-echetarịrị na imebi iwu nke nkwadebe na iji nri abụba nwere ike ibute njehie dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ nyocha ahụ.

Ole cholesterol

• myxedema,
• ọrịa shuga mellitus
• tụụrụ ime
• Ezigbo jikọtara hyperlipidemia,
• cholelithiasis
• nnukwu ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala,
• pancreatic na prostate cancer,
• glomerulonephritis,
• a .ụrụma
• ọbara mgbali elu
• infarction myocardial
• akwara obi

• ọrịa ọjọọ nke imeju,
• cirrhosis nke imeju
• ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo,
• hyperfunction nke thyroid na parathyroid glands,
• ibu ọnụ
• malabsorption nke bekee
• ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ na-adịghị ala ala

Triglycerides

• malitere ịba ọcha n'anya,
• a .ụrụma
• egbu egbu cirrhosis nke imeju,
• biliary (biliary) cirrhosis nke imeju,
• cholelithiasis
• nnukwu ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala,
• adịghị ala ala aha na ọdịda
• ọbara mgbali elu
• infarction myocardial
• akwara obi
• tụụrụ ime
• eriri afọ,
• hypothyroidism
• ọrịa shuga mellitus
• gout
• Ọrịa ala
• nnukwu intermittent porphyria

• ọrịa mgbochi mkpọnwụ na-adịghị ala ala,
• hyperfunction nke thyroid na parathyroid glands,
• erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ
• malabsorption

Ogo nke mmụba nke cholesterol ọbara:

• 5.2-6.5 mmol / L - ntakịrị ogo nke mmụba ahụ, mpaghara ihe ize ndụ nke atherosclerosis,
• 6.5-8.0 mmol / L - mmụba dị elu, nke nri na-agbazi,
• ihe karịrị 8.0 mmol / l - oke nke ihe eji achọ ọgwụ ike.

A na-ahọta syndromes ise, a na-akpọ dyslipoproteinemias dabere na mgbanwe na ntanetị akwara ume (1,2,3,4,5). Ọnọdụ ọrịa a na-emetụta ọrịa siri ike, dịka ọrịa ụbụrụ, ọrịa mellitus na ndị ọzọ.

Alanine aminotransferase na aspartate aminotransferase

Enzymes ndị a na-enye nnyefe nke amino acid abụọ na mmeghachi nke kemịkal: aspartate na alanine. AST na ALT ka a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ na akwara nke imeju, akwara obi, na akwara ọkpụkpụ. Thembawanye n’ime ha na ọbara na-egosi mbibi nke sel nke akụkụ ndị a, na ọkwa dị elu nke enzymes, mkpụrụ ndụ ka ọ nwụrụ.

Mmụta Enzyme Enzyme:	Kedu ọrịa na-abawanye AST na ALT?
ọkụ - oge 1.5-5, nkezi - ugboro 6-10, akwa - ugboro iri ma ọ bụ karịa.	infarction myocardial (karịa AST), nnukwu ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya (karịa ALT), mmebi imeju, malites na etuto ahụ na metastases na imeju, mbibi akwara ọkpụkpụ (ọrịa syndrome).

Alkaline foseti

Enzyme a bụ ọrụ maka iwepu phosphoric acid site na mmiri ọgwụ yana ebufe site na sel. Alkaline phosphatase nwere usoro abụọ: hepatic na ọkpụkpụ. Ihe kpatara mmụba nke enzyme:

• osteogenic sarcoma,
• Ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ,
• myeloma
• lymphogranulomatosis,
• ịba ọcha n'anya
• nbibi na ọgwụ ọjọọ na imeju (aspirin, cytostatics, ọgwụ mgbochi, tetracycline),
• mgbe ọ na-agwọ ọnya,
• ọrịa cytomegalovirus,
• osteoporosis na osteomalacia (mbibi ọkpụkpụ).

Γ-glutamyl transferase

GGT na-etinye aka na metabolism nke abụba, na-ebufe kọlestrọl na triglycerides n'ime sel ahụ. A na - achọta ihe dị ukwuu nke enzyme n'ime imeju, prostate, akụrụ, pancreas. Ọrụ ya na ọbara na-abawanye site na:

• ọrịa edere ndị edepụtara n'elu,
• mmanya na-egbu egbu,
• oria shuga
• nje mononucleosis,
• obi obara.

Creatine kinase

CC na - ekere òkè na nchegharị nke mmeputa na mmezi nke metabolism dị na sel. O nwere ụzọ 3 dị iche iche:

• MM (enzyme dị na akwara anụ ahụ)
• MV (dị na akwara obi)
• BB (na ụbụrụ).

Mmụba ọbara nke ihe a na-abụkarị site na mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke akụkụ ndị dị n’elu. Kedu ọrịa dị iche iche na-abawanye ọkwa nke QC?

Alfa amylase abawanye	Mbelata Alfa amylase
nnukwu pancreatitis Ọrịa cancer akpa ume malitere ịba ọcha n'anya, mumps (n'ime ndị mmadụ - mumps), nnukwu akwara ọdịda ị ofụbiga mmanya na-egbu ogologo oge, tetracycline, glucocorticosteroids	thyrotoxicosis, infarction myocardial necrosis nke zuru ezu, toxicosis nke di ime

Ọbara electrolytes

Potassium na sodium bu ihe di nkpa n’ime electrolytes n’ime obara. Ọ ga - adị ka ihe ndị a bụ naanị ihe achọrọ, ọdịnaya ha dị n'ime ahụ enweghị isi. N’ezie, o siri ike iche n’echiche opekata mpe otu ma ọ bụ usoro kemịkalụ nke ga-eme n’enweghị ha.

Ihe a na - achọpụta na usoro a na - arụ nnukwu ọrụ na usoro enzyme na metabolism. Ọrụ ya bụ iduzi ọkụ elektrik n’ime obi. Mgbanwe dị na ọkwa potassium nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na myocardium.

Ọnọdụ mgbe a na-eme ka potassium dị elu bụ ihe a na-akpọ hyperkalemia, na mgbe ọ na-ebelata - hypokalemia. Kedu ihe egwu na-abawanye na potassium?

• imebi nke uche
• arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, mgbochi intracardiac)
• mbelata nsị
• dobe n'ọbara
• ndaba.

Ọnọdụ dị egwu dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbawanye na mmụba nke ihe metụtara ihe karịrị 7.15 mmol / L.

Potassiumda ọkwa potassium dị n'okpuru 3.05 mmol / L bụkwa ihe iyi egwu nye anụ ahụ. Ihe mgbaàmà nke ụkọ mmewere gụnyere:

• ọgbụgbọ
• vomiting
• ike adighi ike
• iku ume ike
• Nwepu ume mmamiri na ahu,
• obi ike.

Sodium esoghị na metabolism. Ọ juputara na mmiri nke extracellular. Isi ọrụ ya bụ ijigide osmotic pressure na pH. Mwepụta nke sodium na-apụta na mmamịrị ahụ ma na-achịkwa nke hormone nke adrenal cortex - aldosterone.

A na-akpọ mmụba nke ihe ana-akpọ hypernatremia, mbelata na-akpọ hyponatremia.

Kedu ka esi gosipụta nsogbu sodium metabolic?

Hyponatremia	Hypernatremia
enweghị mmasị agụụ ọgbụgbọ vomiting isi ọwụwa iro ụra ogwe Coma	akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ olu ọma jijiji mgbakasị ahụ olu ntaghari ogwe Coma

Na mmechi, m ga-achọ inye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ a ndụmọdụ: ụlọ nyocha ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ nkeonwe ma ọ bụ nke ọha, nwere nke reagents nke ya. Yabụ, ụkpụrụ nke ihe ngosipụta nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Mgbe onye na-ahụ maka ime ụlọ na-enye gị nsonaazụ nke nyocha ahụ, gbaa mbọ hụ na edere ụkpụrụ ahụ na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ. Naanị otu a ka ị ga - esi ghọta ma mgbanwe dị na nyocha gị ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị.

Gịnị ka a pụrụ ịmụta site na nnwale glucose ọbara?

A na-akpọ shuga dị n’ọbara, bụ́ nke na-agabiga n’arụ ọbara, na-abanye n’arụ na akwara niile dị n’ahụ. A na-ebute ya na arịa site na eriri afọ (site na nri) na imeju (nke sitere na amino acid, glycerol na lactate), a pụkwara inweta ya site na kewaa ụlọ ahịa glycogen na akwara na imeju.

Ahụ mmadụ enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị glucose, ebe ọ bụ na-esite na ya, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara, akwara umeji na-enye glucose. Insulin na - enyere glucose ike. Ntọhapụ ya na - apụta mgbe ị na - eri nri. Hormone a na - ebunye glucose n'ime sel maka iji mee ihe na njikọta ATP ma debe akụkụ ya na imeju dị ka glycogen.

Ya mere, ọkwa shuga (glucose) ụba na-alaghachikwa etu o sibu mezie. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọrụ pancreas, gland adrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary sistemụ na-agba mbọ iji hụ na mgbatị dị na oke warara. N'ụkpụrụ dị site na 3.3 ruo 5.5 mmol / L, glucose dị maka sel, mana agbanyeghị na mmamịrị ahụ.

Devizọ ọ bụla si na ntụgharị nkịtị site na ahụ siri ike ịnagide. Mmụba shuga dị n'ọbara nwere ike ịbụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a:

1. Ọrịa shuga mellitus.
2. Ọgwụ ndị na - egbochi insulin na mmeghachi ahụ nwere nsogbu.
3. Ọrịa nke usoro endocrine: gland adrenal, thyroid gland, akụkụ nchịkwa ha - hypothalamus na pituitary gland.
4. Ọria akwara na-efe efe.
5. Ọrịa imeju ma ọ bụ ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala.

Nnwale ọbara maka shuga nwere ike igosi nsonaazụ karịa iwu nwere mmetụta siri ike, nrụgide, mgbatị ahụ na-adịghị ala ala, na-ese anwụrụ, na-a medicationsụ ọgwụ homonụ, caffeine, estrogens na diuretic, ọgwụ antihypertensive.

Site na mmụba dị ukwuu na ọkwa shuga, akpịrị na-akpọ nkụ, na-abawanye agụụ, na-emebi ahụike niile, mmamịrị na-agakarị. Nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba na-eduga ná mmiri akpịrị, nke na-abịa tupu ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, ọdịdị nke acetone dị ikuku ikuku.

Mmụba na-egbu oge na glucose n'ọbara na-ekesa ihe na-eduga n'ịbelata ọbara a na-enweta, ịgbachitere ihe mgbochi, mmepe nke ọrịa na mmebi nke eriri akwara.

Ọ nweghị ihe dị ize ndụ maka ụbụrụ na ọgụ nke nnukwu glucose n'ọbara. Nke a na - apụta mgbe etolite ọtụtụ insulin (ọkachasị ya na isi ọria), akụrụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa imeju, na - arụlata adrenal, hypothyroidism. Ihe na - akpatakarị ya bụ ịdoụ insulin ókè.

A na-egosipụta ihe mgbaàmà nke ịda shuga n'ụdị ọsụsọ, adịghị ike, ịma jijiji n'ahụ, ịba ụba iwe, mgbe ahụ, nsogbu nke nsụhọ na-eme, ọ bụrụ na enyeghị enyemaka, onye ọrịa ahụ daba n'ọnọdụ amaghị.

Ọrụ nke ọbara n’arụ mmadụ

Isi ọrụ nke ọbara:

- Ọ na - enye akụrụngwa ihe ndị na - eri site na ngụgụ na usoro nri.

-Ekọputa akụkụ ndị na - eme na ndụ.

1. Igwe. Ọ na - eme ka akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche ghara ịdịkwa n'otu.
2. Humoral. Ọ na-ebugharị homonụ nke sel ndị pụrụ iche mebiri site na ebe ha mepụtara gaa ebe a na-a consumptionụ mmanya.
3. Olọ obibi. Na-enyere aka ịchekwa nnu-mmiri, nguzogide-acid.
4. Immunological gosipụtara na:

-Hemostasis - ijigide onodu mmiri nke obara n’aru ya, otu esi eme ka oria (oria obara) na mwepu ya na - esochi (fibrinolysis).

-Nwapụta ọbara.

- formdị ọrụ sel ọbara dị ọcha.

Gịnị ka a pụrụ ikpebi site n’inyocha ihe mejupụtara ọbara ahụ?

Azịza obere okwu dị mkpirikpi: imebi usoro dị mkpa nke ahụ. Mgbe dọkịta kwupụtara okwu ahụ bụ “nnwale ọbara”, “ndozi” “n’ime ndị okenye ihe a na-ahụkarị”, “tebụl”, onye ọrịa ahụ ghọtara na ewerela nzọụkwụ mbụ maka mgbake - ndị ọkachamara na-akọwa data ahụ. Mgbe ịchọtachara ihe kpatara ya, a na-enye usoro maka usoro ọgwụgwọ.

A na-akọwapụta usoro nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ site na mgbanwe ozugbo na ọnụọgụ ụfọdụ ebugharị ebugharị n'ọbara.

Omumaatu:

1. Mee ka aminotransferase. A na-emepụta enzyme n'ime sel. A na-egosipụta ọrụ n’ime akwara obi, umeji, akwara akwara, akwara akwara, akụrụ (na-agbadata). Nsonaazụ: usoro nke necrotic na anụ ahụ nke myocardium na imeju na-eduga n'ịhapụ protein na ntinye n'ime plasma ọbara, nke egosiri na nyocha ahụ dị ka oke nke ngosipụta akọwapụtara nke ihe akọwapụtara.
2. Bilirubin. E guzobere ya n’oge ọgbụgba nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie (sel ọbara ọbara), na-abanye umeji, ma wepu ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọghọm dị na mmebi sel sel ọbara, ma ọ bụ usoro nke mwepu ya ga-ada (imeju na eriri afọ na-eburu ebe ndị dị mkpa na ndepụta nke akụkụ ahụ dị na ya), mgbe ahụ gosipụtara nke a ka ọ bụrụ oke iwu nke ihe a.

Onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa ahụ na-ese ihe onyonyo dabere na ngosipụta nke enzymes, protein na ihe ndị ọzọ, jiri nwayọ na-agbazị agba gburugburu nke ihe kpatara ọrịa ahụ.

Mbelata nyocha ọbara nyocha zuru ezu

Dọkịta na-edepụta nnyefe nke nyocha a iji nweta data karịa karịa KLA. Ihe omuma ndi ozo n’eme ka i dokwuo anya oria. Ihe edeputara n’ime ihe ndia nwere ihe ruru iri ato. Ihe omuma a natara gosiputara aru oru nke ọbara, echiche sara mbara banyere usoro leukocyte zuru oke.

Nkịtị na-egosi nyocha nke ụlọ ọgwụ na ihe ndị na-akpata ihe iche

E nyere usoro ihe omimi dị iche iche mgbe ha na-agafe nnwale ọbara, yana ụkpụrụ enyere, na tebụl (ntụgharị nke na-esote):

Nkịtị na ndị okenye	Na ụmụaka
Ihe nyocha emere	Ndị ikom	Womenmụ nwanyị	Site na afọ 1 ruo 6	Afọ isii ruo afọ iri na abụọ	Afọ 13 ruo 16
Haemoglobin (g / l)	125-165	120-140	112-135	112-140	112-145
Erythrocytes (ppm)	4,1-5,2	3,7-4,9	3,5-4,5	3,8-4,9	3,7-5,1
Hematocrit (%)	39-49	35-45	35	37	39
Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha (Unit / L)	4.1-9x109	3.9-10.2x109	5-14.5x109	4,5-12x109	4.3-9.8x109
ESR (mm / h)	1-12	2-15	4-12	4-12	4-15
Ngosipụta agba	0,85-1,15

Nsogbu enwere ike igosipụta site na ịgabiga ihe ndị edepụtara edepụtara:

- Karịrị ụkpụrụ:

Haemoglobin - nsogbu na usoro akwara obi, okuku iku ume.

Cipmata ọgụgụ nke hemoglobin, protein dị mkpa n'ahụ anyị, ga - ekwe omume site na nyocha ọbara nyocha nke ụlọ ọgwụ.

Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha - ọnụnọ nke ihe ndị dị na mpụga (ị oveụbiga mmiri ókè, ịgbatịkwu ọkụ anyanwụ), ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke mkpokọta usoro ahụ.

ESR - ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, metastases, infarction myocardial.

Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie - akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọnụnọ oxygen agụụ, ọrịa shuga.

Hematocrit - akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọrịa peritonitis, ọrụ na-adịghị ala ala nke sistem oriọna.

Ngosipụta agba - hyperchromic anaemia, ụkọ vitamin B ogologo oge

- N’okpuru iwu:

• Hemoglobin - ọrịa kansa, ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime, anaemia bufere nwata site na jaundice.
• Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara - esighị ike nri, usoro oncological, egbu egbu.
• ESR - myodystrophy na-aga n'ihu, agụụ, enweghị mmiri-nnu.
• Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie - anaemia.
• Hematocrit - anaemia.
• Ihe na-egosi agba ahụ bụ ọrịa microcytic anaemia.

Ntughari nyocha nke nyocha ọbara

Kwenye nchọpụta dị iche iche site n'enyemaka nke nnwale ọbara dị (transcript). N'ime ndị okenye, tebụl a na-ahụkarị na-adabere afọ, oge oriri, na nri. Nke a metụtakwara ụmụaka. Ya mere, onye ọrịa ahụ kwesiri ime ihe achọrọ achọrọ na nkwadebe maka nyocha ahụ.

Nnyocha ụlọ nyocha na-ekpughe:

1. Ngosiputa nke ihe micro na macro riri.
2. Usoro nke ọrịa na-ebilite nke anụ ahụ dị n'ime.
3. Mgbanwe akwara na metabolism.
4. Ọnụnọ nke neoplasms.

Ihe ngosi a na - egosiputa ihe omimi banyere mmiri ozuzu na ihe ndi mere

Tebụl ahụ nwere ụkpụrụ nke usoro ihe omimi ndị okenye na ụmụaka n'oge onyinye onyinye ọbara maka nyocha kemịkal.

Site na nkọwa na-esote nkọwa nke ọghọm:

Aha	Ndị okenye	Childrenmụaka
Ngụkọta protein (g / l)	63-85	58-78
Haemoglobin (g / l)	125-165	112-145
Albumin (g / l)	35-49	38-53
Nchịkọta bilirubin (μmol / L)	22,-17,5	8,5-21
Mee ka aminotransferase (Mee / L)	Ruo 35	Ruo 40
Alanine aminotransferase (Nkeji / L)	Ruo 42	Ruo 39
Ole cholesterol 1	Ruo 5	3,3-6,1
Urea 1	2,5-7,1	4,2-6,6
Triglycerides 1	0,55-1,65	0,41-1,85
Glucose 1	3,30-5,75	3,30-5,9
Sodium 1	130-150	133-157
Potassium 1	3,45-5,35	3,7-5,1
Iron 1	11-30	9,1-31,7

1 Nkeji nha - mmol / L.

Enwere ike ịda iwu mmebi iwu gafere:

1. Niile protein - usoro na-efe efe, cancer.
2. Hemoglobin - usoro ọgbụgba nke usoro akwara obi, ọdịda akwara.
3. Albumin - akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, ọdịda nke imeju.
4. Bilirubin ngụkọta - mmebi nke imeju, ọnya biliary.
5. Aspartate aminotransferase - infarction myocardial, ịba ọcha n'anya nke imeju.
6. Ngwakọta cholesterol zuru oke - ihe kpatara ọrịa, ọrịa obi, ọrịa akụrụ, ọrịa Werner.
7. Urea - ọrịa nke usoro urinary.
8. Triglycerides - usoro ọgwụgwọ homonụ, ị oveụbiga mmanya ókè, ị alcoholụbiga mmanya ókè.
9. Ọrịa glucose - nsogbu dị iche iche, pancreas, imeju, akụrụ, obi. Ọrịa shuga mellitus.
10. Sodium - Nnukwu nri nnu a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, jed.
11. Potassium - nsogbu ịba ọcha nke homonụ, ọrụ akụrụ na arụ ọrụ.
12. Iron - ịhoụbiga mmanya ókè, ị supụbiga mmanya ókè.

Ọ bụrụ na ule nnwale ahụ dị n'okpuru ụkpụrụ a na-anabata nke ọma:

1. Nchikota protin - ogwu akwara, imeju, na akụrụ.
2. Hemoglobin - ọbara ọgbụgba n'ime, cancer ọbara.
3. Albumin - oyi baa, akụrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke imeju na ọrụ imeju, agụụ.
4. Mkpokọta bilirubin - ụkwara nta, ike ọgwụgwụ, akụrụ gbasara akụrụ.
5. Aspartate aminotransferase - nnukwu oria a na-eme dika aru ike.
6. Nlekọta ọnụ cholesterol - hyperactivity nke thyroid gland, nri na-edozi.
7. Urea - mgbanwe nke ọrịa na akwara, nsị thyroid.
8. Triglycerides - mmebi nke eriri afọ, akwara gland.
9. Ọrịa glucose - nsị nke akwara, akụrụ, hypothalamus, mmebi imeju, erighị nri na-adịghị ala ala.
10. Sodium - nri adịghị edozi, ọrịa nke imeju, akụrụ, obi.
11. Potassium - na - a diụ ihe ọ ,ụ ,ụ, afọ ọsịsa.
12. Iron - erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, mfu nke nnukwu ọbara, digestibility nke mmewere.

Nkịtị ndị na-egosi na ihe na-akpata mgbaghari anya

Uru ya dabere n’afọ, yana n’onyocha ọbara - capillary ma ọ bụ venous.

Nkezi ụkpụrụ (mmol / l):

1. Ruo 3.3. Hypoglycemia. Dysfunction of the pancreas, imeju, akụrụ.
2. Site na 3.4 ruo 5.5. Enweghị nke imebi.
3. Site na 5.6 ruo 7. Ọrịa shuga. Na enweghị ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị na-eduga na hyperglycemia.
4. Site na 7 gaa n’elu. Ọrịa shuga mellitus.

Ọkwa glucose	Ndị okenye (mmol / L)	(Mụaka (mmol / L)
Ọkọlọtọ	3,30-5,75	3,30-5,9
Na-agbada:	a) nri ogologo oge c) oria nke digestive system, d) mmụba nke insulin.
Asedba ụba:	a) dysfunction nke pancreas na thyroid gland, b) oke ibu.

Decryption nke HIV na syphilis ule

Dọkịta na-eziga onye ọrịa ahụ maka nyocha na ịchọpụta ọrịa na nje virus na-egbochi immunodeficiency mmadụ, ma ọ bụ na nje nke pale treponema ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe kpatara nke a:

Nke a na-enyo enyo na HIV:

• Ike gwụrụ mmeghachi omume nke anụ ahụ ogologo oge ọ ga-anara ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa “ọrịa” - influenza, SARS.
• Iri oghere oke.
• Rash.
• Igwulata oke.
• Ihe njiri mara nke paragraf ndị nke gara aga na mkpesa nke ọgbụgbọ na afọ ọsịsa.

Syphilis na-enyo enyo:

• Nchọpụta Chancre.
• Isi nkwọcha.
• Rash.

Diagnosis gụnyere nnwale nnwale.

Ndị na-enyere ụlọ nyocha aka nyochara ihe ọkụkụ ahụ nwetara n'otu ụzọ atọ:

1. Enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Ọ na-egosi ọnụnọ (na ọnụọgụ ha) nke ọgwụ mgbochi (IgM, IgG, IgA) na antigens. Oke nke njehie erughi pasent 2.
2. Ọnwụ na-ehichapụ. Ọ bụ ELISA dị elu. Nsonaazụ a na-enye na ntụkwasị obi ka ukwuu (> 99.3%), ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ọrụ mbụ, a na - ekewa protein protein site na ibu nke molekụla.
3. Nrụmọrụ polylyrase (PCR). Dabere na ya, ọnụọgụ nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ RNA nwetara, na nnomi DNA, nke pathogen.

Na omume, eji ELISA, mgbe enwetasịrị nsonaazụ nke, a na-enyocha ma ELISA, yana mgbochi na PRC. Nnyocha abụọ na-ewepụ ihe ize ndụ nke ịnweta nkọwa ụgha nke ozi enwetara. Nsonaazụ ikpeazụ bụ nke dọkịta depụtara.

Decryption nke ule maka oria TORCH

A na-eme nchọpụta ọrịa iji chọpụta n’ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eme atụmatụ ịtụrụ ime:

1. toxoplasmosis, rubella, ọrịa cytomegalovirus, herpes (ọrịa ndị bụ isi).
2. ịba ọcha n'anya B na C, syphilis, HIV, chickenpox, ọrịa gonococcal (ọzọ).

Ileghara ule ahụ anya nwere ihe ọghọm nsogbu nke ibute nwa ebu n’afọ, ime ọpụ, na nkwarụ nke nwa ahụ.

Enzyme immunoassay

Usoro ohuru nke ighota:

1. ọrịa nje
2. oncological ọrịa
3. nsogbu nke homonụ.

Uru ya:

• Nchoputa nke nsogbu di na mbu.
• Specificbawanye ụba na-ebelata ohere nke njehie dabere na akara ngosi.

Ọ bụ WHO nyere ọkwa shuga ọbara

Ndị a bụ ụkpụrụ akwadoro maka glucose, ya bụ, ihe shuga kwesịrị ịdị n'ọbara nke e si n'ọbara ma ọ bụ site na mkpịsị aka n’elu afọ efu.

Afọ	Ọkwa shuga
Bọchị 2 - 1 ọnwa	2,8 - 4,4 mmol / L
1 ọnwa - afọ 14	3.3 - 5,5 mmol / L
Ndị okenye	3,5 - 5,5 mmol / L

Ọ bụrụ na ndị na - egosi ihe dị ala, nke a na - egosi na ọnụnọ hypoglycemia, ọ bụrụ na ndị na - egosi ihe karịrị, onye ahụ nwere hyperglycemia. Devizọ ọ bụla si na-emebi emebi bụ ihe dị ize ndụ nye ahụ, ha na-ekwu maka mmebi enweghị ike ịgbanwe emebi. Ọzọkwa, ka afọ, mmetụta uche nke insulin na-ebelata n'ihi ọnwụ nke ndị na-anabata ya ma na-abawanye ụba nke ahụ.

Akwụkwọ nyocha ọbara gbasara General General

Tebụl usoro iwu nyocha nke ụlọ ọgwụ ga - enyere aka ikpebi ihe pụrụ ịdị iche na otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, naanị ntụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ga - enyere aka ịtụle steeti ahụike. Nke a bụ otu n’ime usoro nyocha kachasị, nke na-enye dọkịta ohere ịchọpụta ihe kpatara ọrịa ụfọdụ na ịchọpụta ụfọdụ ọrịa ọbara na akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Maka nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu ya, a na-ewerekarị ọbara ọria si na mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ ọbara site na akwara. Carme nyocha ọbara zuru oke achọghị nkwadebe pụrụ iche, mana a na-atụ aro ka inye onyinye ọbara maka nyocha a n'ụtụtụ na afọ na-enweghị isi. Ihe ndị a bụ tebụl iwu gbasara nyocha ọbara dịịrị onye okenye nwere ogo nke ogo ya.

Ngosipụta, nkeji

Enyochale nnabata glucose

Ọ bụrụ na a capụrụ ọbara ma ọ bụ ọbara awara n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, nsonaazụ ya dịtụ iche. Ọdịmma shuga dị mma mgbe ị risịrị n'ime ahụike nwere obere iche.

Maka nyocha nke ọrịa shuga mellitus, a ga-enyocha ọbara ugboro ugboro iji gosipụta nhazigharị nke usoro. A na-achịkọta ihe eji egosi ihe iji wee rụpụta nsonaazụ ya na ngosipụta nke ọrịa ahụ na ihe ngosi nyocha. Achọpụtara nchoputa nke ọrịa shuga mellitus na ụkpụrụ glucose na-adịgide adịgide site na 9 ruo 16 yana ụfọdụ mgbanwe n'ime oke ndị a.

Nyocha nke nsonaazụ ahụ	Ọkpụkpụ ọbara	Ọbara Venous
Nkịtị	Tupu nri, 3,5 - 5.5 mmol / L	3,5 - 6.1 mmol / L
2 awa mgbe eri	ruru 7.8 mmol / l
Steeti mamịrị	Tupu nri 5,6 - 6,1 mmol / L	6.1 - 7 mmol / l
2 awa mgbe eri 7,8 - 11,1 mmol / L	7,8 - 11,1 mmol / L
Ọrịa shuga mellitus	Tupu nri, site na 6.1 mmol / L	site na 7 mmol / l
2 awa mgbe eri site na 11, 1 mmol / l	site na 11, 1 mmol / l

Nke kachasị mkpa bụ nnabata glucose! Mgbe agafere ogo dịtụ ntakịrị, a na-enyocha nsonaazụ ule dị ka ọrịa shuga, ya bụ, ndidi glucose. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ steeti physiological, mana ọ nwere ike igosipụta mmepe nke pathology.

,Mụ nwanyị, na njikọ na physiology ha, kwesịrị ilegide ọdịnaya shuga anya mgbe niile. Ọ dị mkpa ịtụle na ekwesighi ịnwale mmekọahụ ziri ezi maka shuga n'oge nsọ. N'oge ndị ọzọ, ndị na-ahazi usoro nwere ike ịdị iche. N'oge afọ ime, a na-ewere 6.3 mmol / L dị ka ihe na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihe o mere.

Mgbe ndị gosipụtara gafere 7 mmol / l, ọ dị mkpa ka onye nyocha gị nwee ike ilele gị mgbe niile ma gaa nyocha ọzọ nke dọkịta gị nyere. N'ime ụmụ nwanyị, mmụba nke data anaghị egosi mgbe niile ọnụnọ ọrịa. Advisedmụ nwanyị mgbe ha gbachara afọ iri isii ka a na-adụ ọdụ ka ha were ure shuga oge niile iji nyochaa ọdịnaya ya wee ghara ileghara oge nke ịhapụ ụkpụrụ.

Ma, mgbe afọ 60 gachara, ụmụ nwoke kwesịrị ịna-enyocha glucose ọbara ha mgbe niile. Maka ụmụ nwoke torola eto, e depụtara ụkpụrụ maka nyocha shuga ọbara na tebụl dị iche iche.

Mgbaàmà nke shuga shuga

Ihe nrịba ama pụrụ iche na-ekpebi mmụba nke shuga. Ha nwere ike pụta na ndị okenye na ụmụaka.

A na-ahụta ihe mgbaàmà ndị a dị ka ndị pụrụ iche:

• ihe ike ọgwụgwụ,
• ịbawanye agụụ maka inwe oke ibu,
• ọnụ na-akpọ nkụ mgbe niile, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ,
• oke urination ugboro ugboro,
• abali abalị
• ọdịdị nke etuto ahụ, ahịhịa,
• itching mgbe niile na ukwu
• Onye na-eme ka ọ ghara ịlụ ọgụ,
• arụmọrụ adịghị mma
• enweghi ike ịhụ ndị agadi.

Ọdịdị nke ihe iriba ama dị otu a na-egosi na oge eruola inyocha ọbara maka ọdịnaya shuga.

O yikarịrị, ndị na-egosi ihe ga-akarị, a ga-achọkwa ndụmọdụ ọkachamara iji depụta ọgwụgwọ ezubere iche.

Decryption nke nyocha maka otu ọbara na ihe Rh

Ebumnuche maka ịhọpụta:

1. Onyinye enyere aka.
2. Ntinye n'ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụfọdụ nke ọrụ ụfọdụ (ndị agha, ndị uwe ojii).
3. Atụmatụ ịtụrụ ime.

Na-egosi ọbara onye ọrịa ahụ nke otu otu (Zero, A, B, AB).

Na-edobe Rh nke nne na nna ọdịnihu, si otú ahụ zere ohere nke nne na nwa a na-amụbeghị amụ nwa.

Mmechi

Yabụ na tebụl ya na nsonaazụ nke ule ọbara enweghị ozi ụgha, dọkịta nwere ike ịkọwapụta nsonaazụ na usoro iwu, ndị okenye na ụmụ ha. ọ dị mkpa iji usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ kpọrọ ihe:

1. Leruo anya edebe maka idobe nri na mmiri mmiri.
2. Anwụrụ anwụrụ ọkụ.
3. Zere imebiga ihe ókè na nrụgide.
4. Bọchị ole na ole tupu ịga ụlọ nyocha ahụ, kwụsịrị iri ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi, mmanya.

Inweta nsonaazụ gafere ụkpụrụ a chọrọ dibia nkọwa nke dọkịta na-eleta. Medicationgwọ onwe ya ọgwụ na-eyi egwu na ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ihe ọmụma zuru oke nwere ike ibute mkpebi siri ike nke ihe ndị kpatara ọrịa ahụ.