Nkewa nke carbohydrates (mono, oligo, polysaccharides)

Carbohydrates (shuga, saccharides) - ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere carbonyl otu na ọtụtụ hydroxyl. Aha klaasị ogige ahụ sitere n'okwu ndị a "carbon hydrates", nke C. Schmidt bu ụzọ kwuo ya na 1844. Ọdịdị nke aha a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpokọta usoro C kọwara nke mbụ n'ime carbohydrates amaara ama na sayensị._x(H₂O)_yakpukpo aru dika carbon na mmiri.

Carbohydrates bụ ihe dị na akụrụngwa nke sel na anụ ahụ niile dị ndụ nke ụwa na anụmanụ, mejupụta (site na ibu) ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n’ụwa. Isi iyi nke carbohydrates maka ihe niile dị ndụ bụ usoro photosynthesis nke ahịhịa na-arụ.

A na-ekewa Carbohydrates monosaccharides, oligosaccharides na polysaccharides.i

Monosaccharides (carbohydrates dị mfe) bụ ndị nnọchianya kachasị mfe nke carbohydrates ma ghara ịkwaba n'ime ogige dị mfe n'oge hydrolysis. Monosaccharides bụ isi iyi kachasị ike ma sie ike maka usoro na - eme sel. Monosaccharides na-enweta carbon dioxide na mmiri ozugbo, ebe protein na abụba na-abụ nke oxidized otu ngwaahịa site na usoro nke usoro etiti dị mgbagwoju anya. Monosaccharides nwere uto uto, ya mere, a na-akpọ ha "sugars".

Oligosaccharides - ihe ndị gbara ọkpụrụkpụ mgbagwoju anya sitere na ọtụtụ afọ (site na 2 ruo 10) residues monosaccharide. Disaccharides (oligosaccharides), dị ka monosaccharides, nwere uto dị ụtọ ma ya mere a na-akpọ ha "sugars".

Polysaccharides - ngwakọta dị egwu nke molekul - polymer guzobere site na ọnụọgụ monosaccharides dị ukwuu. E kere ha eke digestible (stachi, glycogen) na nke na - adighi egwu (eriri nri - fiber, hemicellulose, pectin bekee) na eriri afọ. Polysaccharides enweghị ụtọ dị ụtọ.

A na-ekewa Monosaccharides dabere na njirimara abụọ:
• ọdịdị nke carbon carbon otu,
• ogologo carbon dị ogologo.

A na-akpọ Monosaccharides nwere otu aldehyde agbanwere, otu ketone (nke na-abụkarị n'ọnọdụ 2) - ketoses (ntụgharị -ose njirimara maka aha monosaccharides niile: glucose, galactose, fructose). Ọdịmma nke aldoses na ketosis n'ozuzu nwere ike ịnọchi anya dị ka ndị a.

Dabere na ogologo nke eriri carbon (3-10 atoms), monosaccharides na-ekewa atọ, tetrose, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, wdg Pentoses na hexoses bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.

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E mejupụtara carbohydrates niile “nkeji”, nke bụ saccharides. Dabere na ike ha nke hydrolyze n'ime monomers, a na-eke carbohydrates ụzọ abụọ: dị mfe ma sie ike. Carbohydrates nwere otu ihe ana-akpọ monosaccharides, nkeji abụọ bụ disaccharides, nkeji abụọ ruo iri bụ oligosaccharides, ihe karịrị iri bụ polysaccharides. Monosaccharides na-eme ka shuga dị n'ọbara ngwa ngwa ma nwee ndekọ glycemic dị elu, ya mere a na-akpọkwa ha carbohydrates ngwa ngwa. Ha na-adị mfe mmiri mmiri na agwakọta n'ime ahịhịa ndụ. A na-akpọ Carbohydrates mejupụtara nkeji atọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ihe oriri nwere ọtụtụ carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ amụba glucose ma nwee ntụpọ glycemic dị ala, ọ bụ ya mere a na-akpọkwa ya carbohydrates dị nwayọ. Carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya bụ ngwaahịa nke polycondensation nke shuga dị mfe (monosaccharides) na, n'adịghị ka ndị dị mfe, nwere ike ịmịcha mmiri n'ime monomers n'oge mbibi hydrolytic iji mepụta ọtụtụ narị puku moosaccharide.

Ọdịdị glucose

Mgbe ụmụ irighiri glucose mepụtara mgbanaka isii, enwere ohere pasent 50 na carbon mbụ nwere ìgwè hydroxyl n'okpuru ụgbọelu nke mgbanaka ahụ.

Glucose nwere ike inwe uzo abuo abuo nke hydroxyl otu (-OH) gburugburu anomeric carbon (carbon No. 1, nke na-aghọ asymmetric na usoro nke ịkpụzi mgbanaka, etiti stereo).

Ọ bụrụ na hydroxyl otu dị ala karịa carbon No. 1 na shuga, ha kwuziri na ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ alfa (α) ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n’elu elu ụgbọ elu ahụ, ha na-asị na ọ nọ n’ọnọdụ beta (β) .

Njikọ ndị ọzọ

Ihe ndi ozo monosaccharide di. Ha nwere ike ịbụ eke na ọkara.

Galactose bụ nke eke. Achọpụtakwa ya na nri, mana ọ naghị adị n ’ụdị ya dị ọcha. Galactose bụ nsonaazụ hydrolysis nke lactose. Isi mmalite ya bụ mmiri ara ehi.

Monosaccharides ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike bụ ribose, deoxyribose na mannose.

E nwekwara ụdị carbohydrates dị otú a, nke a na-eji teknụzụ eme ihe eji eme ihe.

A na-ahụkwa ihe ndị a na nri ma banye na ahụ mmadụ:

Nke ọ bụla n'ime kọmpụta ndị a dịgasị iche na njirimara ya na ọrụ ya.

Disaccharides na ojiji ha

Thedị ogige carbohydrate ọzọ bụ disaccharides. A na-ahụta ha dị ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. N'ihi hydrolysis, a na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri mmiri monosaccharide abụọ site na ha.

Carbohyddị carbohydrate a nwere atụmatụ ndị a:

ike
solubility na mmiri
nsogbu siri ike na a alcoụrụma
uto uto
agba - site na ọcha na agba aja aja.

Njirimara kemịkal nke disaccharides bụ mmeghachi nke hydrolysis (a na-agbaji glycosidic agbụ ma guzobe monosaccharides) na oghere (polysaccharides guzobere).

E nwere ụdị sọks dị iche iche abụọ:

Mweghachi. Ngosiputa ha bu ihe diri ndi nwe achoal hydroxyl efu. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nwere mbelata ihe onwunwe. Otu carbohydrates gụnyere cellobiose, maltose na lactose.
Emezighi. Ngwakọta ndị a enweghị ike ịbelata, ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ìgwè hydroxyl ọkara. Substancesdị ihe ndị a ma ama nke ụdị a bụ sucrose na trehalose.

A na-agbakọta ogige ndị a na okike. Enwere ike ịchọta ha na n'ụdị efu yana dịka akụkụ nke ogige ndị ọzọ. Disaccharides bụ isi iyi nke ike, ebe ọ bụ na e guzobere glucose site na ha n'oge hydrolysis.

Lactose dị ezigbo mkpa maka ụmụaka, n'ihi na ọ bụ akụrụngwa bụ nri ụmụaka. Ọrụ ọzọ nke carbohydrates dị n'ụdị a bụ nhazi, ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ akụkụ nke cellulose, nke dị mkpa maka ịkpụbe sel sel.

Njirimara na atụmatụ nke polysaccharides

Uzo ozo nke carbohydrates bu polysaccharides. Nke a bụ ụdị njikọ kachasị dị mgbagwoju anya. Ha mejupụtara ọtụtụ monosaccharides (isi ihe ha bụ glucose). N'ime eriri afọ, a na-etinye polysaccharides - a ga-ebu ụzọ dochie anya ha.

Njirimara nke ihe ndi ahu bu ndi a:

insolubility (ma ọ bụ enweghi ike) na mmiri,
acha odo odo (ma ọ bụ enweghị agba)
ha enweghị isi
ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ha niile enweghị atụ (ụfọdụ nwere ụtọ dị ụtọ).

Njirimara kemịkal nke ihe ndị a gụnyere hydrolysis, nke a na-arụ n'okpuru nduzi nke ihe ndị na-enye nkwado. Nsonaazụ nke mmeghachi omume bụ mmebi nke ogige ahụ n'ime ihe nhazi - monosaccharides.

Ngwongwo ozo bu nguzobe nke nkpuru. Polysaccharides nwere ike ịmeghachi acid na acid.

Ngwaahịa guzobere n'oge usoro ndị a dịgasị iche iche. Ndị a bụ acetates, sulfates, esters, phosphates, wdg.

Vidiyo na-akụzi ọrụ na nhazi ọkwa nke carbohydrates:

Ihe ndị a dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ahụ niile na mkpụrụ ndụ n’otu n’otu. Ha na-enye ahụ ike, na-ekere òkè na ịmepụta sel, na-echebe akụkụ ahụ n'ime mmebi na mmetụta ọjọọ. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ichekwa ihe anụmanụ na osisi chọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na oge siri ike.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides bụ shuga nwere mmanya abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ dị mfe jikọtara ọnụ site na agbụ covalent glycoside.

Glycoside nkekọ nwere ike ịbụ alfa ma ọ bụ beta.

Ihe atụ nke disaccharides kachasị mkpa,

1) Maltose (maltose) - mejupụtara ụmụ irighiri ihe abụọ α-glucose jikọtara ọnụ 1-4-glycosidic bond. Enwere ike ịchọta Maltose na ọka ndị a na-eji emepụta biya.
2) Sucrose - mejupụtara α - glucose na - fructose ya na 1-2 - nkekọ glycosidic n'etiti ha. Otu ihe atụ nke sucrose bụ shuga tebụl.
3) Lactose (lactose) - mejupụtara α - glucose na α - galactose. A na-ahụkarị Lactose na mmiri ara ehi.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides bụ polyosaccharide polymers nke nwere mejupụtara site na narị narị abụọ ruo ọtụtụ puku monosaccharide subunitsejikọtara ọnụ site na njikọ glycosidic.

Comfọdụ polysaccharides bụ eriri ogologo, ụfọdụ ejiri akara ya. Isi ihe atụ nke polysaccharides bụ stachi, glycogen, cellulose na chitin.

Stachi (stachi) bu udiri shuga nke osisi tokwara amyloses na amylopectin nke bụ polymer glucose.

Starch nwere ngwakọta glucose, nke α 1-4 ma ọ bụ 1-6 nkekọ glycosidic na-ejikọta. Nọmba 1-2 na 1-6 na-ezo aka ọnụọgụ carbon atom na monomers nke ha jikọtara ya.

Amylose bụ stachi guzobere site na agbụ ndị na-enweghị nchịkwa nke ndị nwere glucose (naanị α 1-4 nke agbụ), ebe amylopectin bụ polysaccharide akpọrọ (α 1-6 nkekọ n'akụkụ isi).

Glycogen (glycogen) bu udiri ichekwa glucose na mmadu na uzo ozo ma mejuputara gi glucose.

Cellulose Ọ bụ polysaccharide osisi bụ ihe dị n'ime osisi niile, ọ bụkwa akụrụngwa kachasị na mgbidi sel.

Cellulose bụ polymer β-glucose polymer na-achịkọta agbụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ site na 1-4 glycosidic.

A na-atụgharị monomer ọ bụla nke glucose na cellulose ma jupụta na monomers n'ụzọ ogologo. Nke a na-enye cellulose ya ike na ike tensile dị elu, nke dị oke mkpa maka mkpụrụ ndụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na enzymes nri nri mmadụ enweghị ike mebi njikọ dị na cellulose, herbivores dị ka ehi, koalas, buffalos na ịnyịnya na-enwe ike imebi ihe ọkụkụ ma nwee akụrụngwa ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe oriri na-eji ahịhịa pụrụ iche na afọ ha.