Homonụ nke anụ ahụ

Homonụ nke anụ ahụ. Usoro nke insulin. Ihe akara biochemical nke ọrịa shuga

A na - ekekọta insulin site na mkpụrụ ndụ β-sel nke agwaetiti nke Langerhans pancreas n'ụdị nhazi ụzọ - preproinsulin. Cleavage nke usoro nrịba ama sitere na ya na-eduga n’usoro proinsulin, nke mejupụtara ụdọ A na B yana C peptide na-ejikọta ha. Ọkpụkpọ prohormone nwere "ịmịpụta" C-peptide site na proteinases. Insulin tozuru oke nwere eriri A na B ejikọtara ya na nnukwu àkwà mmiri abụọ. Ihe silin nwere nkpuru amino acid 21 ma nwee otu ihe eji eme ya. Ihe mejuputara uzo abuo nwere nkpuru amino acid 30. Ntụgharị nke insulin na insulin na-amalite na ngwa Golgi ma na-aga n'ihu na mkpụrụ akụ nke β-mkpụrụ ndụ na-agbago.

N'ịbụ onye homonụ nke ime ihe ngwa ngwa, a na - arụ ọrụ insulin ngwa ngwa (n'ime otu awa) ma zoo ya na ọnụego 40 / ụbọchị. Isi ihe mkpali na ahụ maka ịmịnye insulin bụ mmụba nke glucose ọbara. Insulin enweghị protein na-ebu ebu na plasma ọbara, yabụ, ọkara ndụ ya anaghị agafe nkeji 3-5. Ọkpụkpụ insulin n'ime ọbara bụ 10 -12 - 10 -9 mol / L.

Anụ ahụ nke na-eme ka insulin dị adị, anụ ahụ na akwara umeji.

Ndị na - anabata insulin dị na sel ahụ, bụ glycoproteins, nwere ihe abụọ sub- na abụọ β-subunits nke ejikọtara na njikọta disclaide, nwere ọrụ tyrosine kinase.

Α sub-subinit dị kpam kpam site na ụlọnga ma na-arụ ọrụ ịchọpụta njikọ insulin. Ihe abụọ α na-ejikọtara onwe ha site na nkwanye nkekọ. Β-subunit gafere akpụkpọ ahụ plasma ma nwee nnukwu cytoplasmic nke nwere ọrụ tyrosine kinase, i.e. ike iji phosphorylate protein na tyrosine.

Usoro nke insulin. Insulin bu otu n’ime protein ndi amụrụla: nke mbụ n’ime homonụ protin nke enwetara n’ụdị asacha, nke kesara nkata ma mepụta ya na injinị mkpụrụ ndụ. Ihe nchoputa ndi sayensi nziputa a bu onyinye ndi Nobel nwetara. Ka osila dị, usoro arụ ọrụ ya n’arụmụ ihe ana-ahụghị nke ọma karịa n ’ọtụtụ homonụ. Usoro usoro insulin ugbua ka a gosipụtara dịka ndị a. Site na itinye aka na α-subunits nke onye na-anabata ya, insulin na-arụ ọrụ tyrosine kinase nke sub-subunits. Mpempe nke izizi maka ya bụ β-subunit n'onwe ya, ee.e. Autophosphorylation nke onye na-anabata ihe na - ahụkarị mgbe ọ na - egbochi insulin. Na mgbakwunye, akara site na homonụ na-abanye n’ime sel abụọ:

Ihe nnabata ya nwere ihe ndi ozo banyere enzymes cellular. Nke a na - akpata ma nwee njikọ ma n'ụdọ mọ ma n'olu sel. N'ihi ya, permeability cell maka K +, Ca 2+, glucose amino acid na-abawanye. Ya mere, protein insulin receptor substrate protein (IRS) na-arụ ọrụ ma na-eme ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-eme ka protein protein kinini na mkpụrụ osisi protein nke threonine na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-eme ka phosphorylate (adịworị na arụ ọrụ Ser ma ọ bụ Tre). protein phosphatases i.e. enzymes nke na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu site na phosphoproteins. Ya mere, ihe insulin na-eduga na phosphorylation ụfọdụ nke protein na dephosphorylation nke ndị ọzọ na-eme ka protein nwee phosphorylate na nzaghachi insulin ma na-arụ ọrụ: PDE, cAMP, protein protein ribosomal 6S, protein cytoskeleton (MAP-2, actin, tubulin, fodrin na ihe ozo). Phosphorylation nke protein protein cytoskeletal ozugbo ejikọtara insulin na sel na-eme ka nnyefe ngwa ngwa glucose na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa (= na-ebugharị glucose) site na ngwongwo plasma. Ọnụego glucose ana - eme n’ime sel na - abawanye ugboro iri atọ ruo iri anọ. Onwere ihe dịkarịa ala, ndị na - ebuga glucose 6 - GLUT-1, GLUT-2 na tupu GLUT-6. Ha niile bụ glycoproteins.

Ma, insulin na-emekarikarị protein dephosphorylation. Ọrụ enzyme nwere ike:

mmụba - glycogen synthetase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, α-glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase hydroxymethyl glutaryl CoA reductase,

mbelata - phosphorylase A, phosphorylase B kinase, anụ ahụ lipase, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase na enzymes ndị ọzọ nke GNG.

Ntụgharị aka nke transduction akara site na insulin rue sel bụ ihe metụtara tyrosine kinase phosphorylation nke ihe nnabata protein protein kachasị, nke enwere ike ịkọwa Gins. Nke a na - eduga na ịgbalite nke phospholipase C. akọwapụta nke phospholipase bụ na ọ na - arụ ọrụ mgbe naanị insulin na - ejikọ onye na - anabata ya ma ghara ịme ihe na phospholipid nkịtị, kama ọ bụ naanị na phospholipidylinositol glycan. N'adịghị ka phosphatylylinositol, glycolipid a na-ebu ụzọ nwere nanị nsị acidic juru, a na-agbakwunye usoro inyocha carbohydrate na inositol, nke gụnyere galactose, galactosamine. Insulin, otu phospholipase C kapịrị ọnụ, na-ekwupụta nguzobe nke ndị mgbasa ozi abụọ: ihe pụrụ iche nke DAG nwere naanị acid na GIF zuru ezu. Lipophilic DAG na-adị na akpụkpọ ahụ plasma ma na-akwalite mbufe nke glucose, amino acid na ion (K +, Ca 2+) na sel. Hydrophilic GIFF na-agagharị n'enweghị nsogbu na cytoplasm ma gbanwee ọrụ nke ọtụtụ enzymes. Ya mere, ọrụ nke hexakinase, phosphofructokinase, glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, Na + / K + -ATPase na-abawanye, ọrụ nke adenylate cyclase, PK A, FEP-carboxylase na enzymes ndị ọzọ GNG na-ebelata.

Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke insulin na onye nnabata 30 sekọnd mgbe ejigide endocytosis (internalization) na dissociates na sel, ọtụtụ n'ime homonụ ahụ na-ebibi site na protein lysosomal, na nnabata insulin na-enweghachi na-abụkarị na sel sel (nke a na-akpọ reptor recycling).

Mmetụta ndu nke insulin

Ruo ugbu a, a na-aga n'ihu na-achọ ndị na-agba ọgwụ insulin nke abụọ. Ekwuru ọrụ ha na mmalite nke ọmụmụ nke insulin: cGMP, Ca 2+, OBI, H₂O₂ngbanwe lible na-agbanwe (DAG, GIF), peptides, wdg. Agbanyeghị, ebidobeghị idozi nsogbu a (ihe owuwu ya edebeghị).

Usoro nke ịbawanye permeability nke akpụkpọ ahụ:

Mgbanwe nke mgbanwe na protein plasma akpụkpọ ahụ n'oge nnabata autophosphorylation,

Ofrụ ọrụ nke usoro Na + / K + -ATPase, potassium. ndị na-ebubata glucose,

Mgbanwe na mejupụtara PL nke membrane (inhibition nke transdide PLdmethyl).

Mmetụta insulin na carbohydrate na lipid metabolism bụ nke ukwuu n'ihi mbelata nke ọkwa c AMP n'ihi mgbochi nke adenylate cyclase na ọgụ nke PDE c AMP.

Insulin wedata glucose ọbara site na:

Transportbawanye elu nke glucose na mejupụta plasma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a chọrọ,

Ikwusi mmanu mmanu. N’ime ụlọnga, ihe dị ka ọkara ya gbarie glycolysis n’okpuru nduzi nke ndị isi enzymes - HA, FFK, PK. 30-40% nke glucose na-aga njikọ nke lipid, karịsịa na anụ ahụ adipose, ihe dị ka 10% na-aga njikọ glycogen (activation of glycogen synthase),

N’aka nke ọzọ, a na - egbochi ihe mmebi glycogen (belata na phosphorylase A na - eme ya) na GNG na - egbochi (n'ihi mbelata nke ọrụ enzymes ya bụ - phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, fructose bisphosphatase na glucose-6-phosphatase na enweghị nke GNG + amịcoinsisisisisinsinsisisinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinseniinsiesinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinseniinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsiesinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsins & lirolrolisisinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsinsins lirol & # minisisisisisisisineisine chains, . Glucose GKoy na dị ka a ga - asị na "akpọchiri" ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.

Me ka njikọ nke ọdụdụ abụba (ịgbalite acetyl CoA carboxylase)

Thenme ka njikọ nke TAG (rụọ ọrụ nke glycerolphosphate acyltransferase)

Inhibido nke lipolysis (ibelata na lipase anụ ahụ)

Ihe mgbochi nke ịkpụ ahụ anụ ketone (nke akpụpụtara site na glucose, acetyl-CoA na-aga na CC na njikọ akwara)

N'ime ọbara, a hụrụ lipoprotein lipase activation, nke na-arụ ọrụ na TAG dịka akụkụ nke lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL), si otú a na-ahazi ọkwa nke lipemia.

Transportbawanye amino acid n'ime sel

Ihe mgbochi nke protein na - emebi n'ihi mgbochi nke protein protein

Ọrụ nke protein protein. A na-ekpebi nsonaazụ ngwa ngwa nke homonụ na njikọta protein (ruo otu awa) tumadi site na nhazi nke ntụgharị na ntụgharị: mbido na elongation nke agbụ peptide na-agbatị, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọrụ nke ribosomes na-abawanye, phosphorylation nke ribosomal S6 na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-esote site na ịmepụta polysomes. Ọ bụrụ na ihe insulin na-arụ n’ime sel dịruru ihe karịrị elekere 1, mgbe ahụ njikọta akụrụngwa nuklia na-abawanye, nke ya na njikọta sel, uto na mmepe dum.

Ya mere, enwere ike mata mmetụta nke insulin na metabolism dị ka anabolic, yana ezigbo nguzozi nke nitrogen.

Ọrụ homonụ na - arụ ọrụ nke akwara

Dịtụ ụkọ bụ insulinecretion nke insulin (akwụkwọ ọgụgụ), a na-ahụkarị ụkọ homonụ karịa. Site na erughi insulin ma ọ bụ nguzogide insulin (iguzogide ihe ya), ọrịa shuga na-amalite. Na Russia, ọrịa shuga na-emetụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 900,200 puku ma ọ bụ 1.2% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ niile. Ọzọkwa, na 16% nke ndị ọrịa, ọrịa mellitus na-adabere insulin (IDDM) ma ọ bụ ụdị shuga 1. 84% nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga na-abụghị insulin-mellitus (NIDDM) ma ọ bụ ụdị shuga 2.

Site na ọrịa mamịrị IDDM ma ọ bụ ụdị nke 1, a na-ahụ mbelata ọkwa insulin ọbara n'ọbara n'ihi mmebi nke β-mkpụrụ ndụ, ma ọ bụ ịgbatị insulin n'ime umeji na ọbara. Site na ọrịa NIDDM ma ọ bụ ụdị shuga 2, ọkwa insulin bụ nke nkịtị ma ọ bụdị dị elu, mana mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-ele anya na-efunyụọ uche ya.

Ihe kpatara na iguzogide insulin nwere ike ibu:

imebi uto nke homonụ na nnabata ya na mpụta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe yana mebiri ọrụ ndu ha.

ọnụnọ ọgwụ mgbochi dị iche iche nye ndị na - anabata insulin nke na - egbochi njikọ nke insulin na onye nnabata,

mmebi nke endocytosis (internalization) nke mgbagwoju nke insulin na onye nnabata, mmụba nke ndị na-anabata insulin,

akụrụngwa nke IR-ra,

mbelata autophosphorylation nke onye na-anabata ya, na-esote nrụzi ike nke ndị mgbasa ozi insulin, wdg.

Ọzọkwa, ngọngọ ọ bụla na ụzọ mgbaàmà site na homonụ gaa na sel nwere ike ibute mwepụ nke insulin na metabolism kpamkpam ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya kpamkpam.

Ihe akara biochemical nke ọrịa shuga

Mgbanwe nke ọrịa shuga na metabolism bụ ihe dị iche na nke insulin kpatara. Transportbufe ihe n’ime sel na-ebelata, ọdịnaya nke c AMP na-abawanye, i.e. n’akpụ anụ ahụ, mmetụta nke a na-akpọ mgbochi-homonụ a na-akpọ hormonal, nke bụ glucagon, ebido inwe mmeri, yana mgbanwe mgbanwe kwekọrọ na metabolism. Isi ihe na-egosi ọrịa shuga bụ hyperglycemia, nke na-ebilite n'ihi ya:

Ibelata glucose na sel,

Mbelata glucose eji arụ ọrụ (yana IDDM, naanị glucose 5% ka abụba, glycolysis na syntheis glycogen na-egbochi)

Mmụba glucose na-aba ụba (glycogenolysis na GNG sitere na amino acids).

Glucose na-akwụghị ụgwọ nwere ike ịgbanahụ n ’sel sel n’ime ọbara. Mgbe ọdịnaya plasma ya gafere n'ọnụ ụlọ gbasara akụrụ (10 mmol / L), a na-ahụ glucosuria. N'okwu a, olu mmamịrị na-abawanye n'ihi osmotic diuresis, i.e. A na-ahụ polyuria, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na polydipsia (ị )ụbiga mmiri ókè). Glucosuria na-ebute oke calorie (4.1 kcal kwa 1 g nke glucose dị oke), nke, yana mgbakwunye na ịgbalite proteolysis na lipolysis, na-eduga n'ibe oke na oke ahụ, n'agbanyeghị agụụ nri (polyphagy).

Pozọ nke lipolysis karịa lipogenesis na-ebute mmụba nke ọdịnaya abụba na plasma. Mgbe ọ karịrị ike imeju iji oxidize abụba na carbon dioxide na mmiri, a na-ahụ ka njikọ nke anụ ahụ ketone na ketonemia na ketonuria, ngbanwe ọbara pH na mmepe nke metabolos acidosis. Site na ndị ọrịa na-esi isi acetone, nke a na-ahụ ọbụna n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ n’itinyeghi insulin, onye ọrịa ahụ ga-anwụ n’akwa ọrịa shuga. Mbelata nke ọrụ nke lipoprotein lipase na-agbanwe oke nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri LP, dịka iwu, ọkwa VLDL na LDL na-abawanye, nke na-eduga na mmepe nke atherosclerosis. Site n'ọrịa shuga 1dị nke mbụ, a na-emetụta obere arịa karịa, i.e. microangiopathies na-etolite, nke nwere ike igosipụta onwe ha, dịka iwu, n'ụdị nke ụbụrụ arteriosclerosis, yana ọtụtụ oge na ụdị ọrịa obi ischemic. Ọ bụghị ihe mberede ka a na-akpọ ọrịa shuga ọ bụghị naanị nsogbu nke endocrinology, kamakwa ọrịa obi.

Nchịkwa protein na-ebelata, mmebi nke emebi emebi, na mbelata amino acid n’ime sel na-ebute hyperaminoacidemia na aminoaciduria (ya bụ, nitọpu nitrogen n’ime mmamịrị). Mmụba amino acid catabolism na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke urea n'ọbara na mmụba na ntụpụ ya na mmamịrị. Yabụ, erughi insulin n'ime mmadụ ka enwekwara nguzozi na-adighi nma.

Yabụ, edepụtara ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrịa shuga. Enwere ụdị ọrịa shuga dị iche iche, dịgasị iche na ogo yana usoro mgbaàmà. Yabụ, ụdị ọrịa a (nke a na-akpọ latent diabetes mellitus, latent, prediabetes) na-egosipụta naanị site na ịba ụba hyperglycemia mgbe nri, i.e. ibelata nnabata glucose.

Enwere ike ikpebi ụdị ọrịa shuga dịgasị iche site na nsogbu nzuzo nke homonụ ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrịa thyroid (hypothyroidism bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke na-agbagha usoro nke ịrịa ọrịa shuga, hyperfunction thyroid na ọrịa shuga adịghị obere ma na-akpata nsogbu na-adịghị ala ala).

Biochemistry nke ọrịa shuga

Na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe na metabolism lipid, hyperglycemia na-arụ nnukwu ọrụ na mmepe ha. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ na-emetụta ebe glucose na-abanye n’onweghị insulin: akụrụ, retina na oghere nke anya, irighiri akwara na akwara. N'ime ha, ịta glucose bụ otu ihe na ọbara, i.e. dị elu karịa. Nke a na - ebute ịba ụba nke nonenzymatic glycosylation nke protein, dịka ọmụmaatụ, collagen na protein ndị ọzọ nke akpụkpọ ahụ dị n'okpuru. Glycosylation na-agbanwe akụrụngwa nke protein na-akpaghasị ọrụ ha, dịka ọmụmaatụ, glycosylation nke haemoglobin na-abawanye mmekọrịta ya na oxygen, akwara na-enye oxygen karịa. HDL glycosylation na-eduga na ngwangwa nke catabolism ha, na LDL glycosylation na-eme ka mkpochapu ha kwụsịlata n'ọbara na ire ere, i.e. ọkwa HDL na-ebelata, LDL na-ebili, nke na-enyere aka na mmepe nke atherosclerosis. N'ime ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ (sel sel art art, sel Schwann, erythrocytes, lens and retina, testes), a na-ekpughere glucose na NADP-based aldzo reductase site na imepụta 6-atom mmanya - sorbitol. Sorbitol na-abanye n’adịghị njọ site na membranes cell; mkpokọta ya na-eduga n'ọbara osmotic na ọrụ arụ ọrụ. Ugbo nke lens na nnabata nke protein glycosylated n'ime ya na-eduga n'igwe ojii na mmepe nke cataracts. Ihe ndị metụtara akụrụ na-emetụta akwara ndị ahụ, retina (ruo n ’ikpu ìsì), wdg. Ọ bụ ya mere, n'ịgwọ ọrịa shuga, ha na-agbasi mbọ ike ịchekwa ọkwa glucose dị nso na nkịtị.

Usoro nke insulin

Ihe omumu nke insulin bu iji mee ka o nwee ike ime ka glucose di ike site na membranes cell. Mgbakwunye mkpalite nke insulin na-eme ka ibu glucose ugboro iri.

Usoro nke insulin na ihe omumu nke ndu bu ihe ndi a.

Mgbe nchịkwa insulin gachara, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ protein ndị pụrụ iche na - ebugharị na membranes sel. Nke a ga - enyere gị aka iwepu glucose na ọbara ngwa ngwa ma nwee obere ume ọrụ ma mekwaa akari n'ime sel. Site na enweghi ntupo insulin mepụtara nke ya, mkpali insulin kwesiri i choro iji kwado protein ndi njem choro.
Insulin na-abawanye ọrụ nke enzymes na-abanye na njikọ nke glycogen site na njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke mmekọrịta ma na-egbochi usoro ire ure.

Ihe omumu nke insulin na-agụnye obughi na ntinye aka na glucose metabolism. Insulin na-arụsi ọrụ ike na metabolism nke abụba, amino acid, na protein protein. Insulin na-emetụtakwa usoro nke usoro ịmụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ na mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ime obi mmadụ, akwara akwara, a na-eji insulin edebanye ihe karịrị 100 mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Na imeju na anụ ahụ na-eme adize n’onwe ya, insulin na-egbochi imebi abụba, n’ihi nke a, itinye uche nke acids ọdụdụ n’ime ọbara na-ebelata. N'ihi ya, a na-ebelata ihe egwu cholesterol n’ime arịa a ma na-eweghachi mmezi nke arịa ndị ahụ.

Ngwakọta nke abụba n'ime imeju na-arụ ọrụ nke insulin na-akpali acetylCoA-carboxylase na enzymes lipoprotein. Nke a na-asachapụ ọbara ahụ, a na-ewepụ abụba na mmiri iyi n'ozuzu ya.

Ntinye aka na metabolism mejuputara isi ihe ndia:

A na - eme ka njikọ nke abụba abụba na - eme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Acetyl CoA carboxylase,
Ọrụ nke lipase anụ ahụ na-ebelata, usoro nke lipolysis na-egbochi,
A na-egbochi mgbochi nke ahụ ketone, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emegharị ike niile na njikọta akwara.

Nlekọta ihe omimi nke ndu ya na insulin

A na - akpụkọta homonụ n'ụdị nke preproinsulin n'ime sel beta pụrụ iche nke agwaetiti Langerhans dị na akwara. Nchikota olu nke agwaetiti bu ihe dị ka 2% nke ngụkọta nke gland. Site na mbelata ọrụ nke agwaetiti, ụkọ nke homonụ arụkọtara na-eme, hyperglycemia, mmepe nke ọrịa endocrine.

Mgbe ekpochapịara akara ụdọ pụrụ iche sitere na preproinsulin, a na-emepụta proinsulin, nke mejupụtara ụdọ A na B nwere njikọ C-petid. Ka homonụ ahụ tozuru oke, proteinases na - ejide ụyọkọ peptide, nke bụ agba mmiri abụọ dochiri anya. Ka nká na-eme na ngwa Golgi na na nzuzo nke sel sel.

Homonụ tozuru oke nwere amino acid 21 n’ime agbụ A na acid 30 n’ime amịlị nke abụọ. Synthesis na-ewe ihe dị ka otu elekere, dịka ọ na-eme ka homonụ ndị na-eme ihe ozugbo. Mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ kwụsiri ike, a na-achọta amino acid n'akụkụ ndị na-adịghị mkpa nke agbụ polypeptide.

Ndị na-anabata ndị na-ahụ maka insulin metabolism bụ glycoproteins dị na sel ahụ. Mgbe ejidere na usoro usoro metabolic, usoro nke insulin na-emebi, onye na-anabata onye na-alaghachi na elu sel.

Ihe mkpali na-akpali ntọhapụ nke insulin bụ mmụba na glucose. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị protein pụrụ iche - onye na-ebugharị ya na plasma ọbara, ọkara ndụ ahụ ruru nkeji ise. Enweghị mkpa maka protein ọzọ maka ibugharị, ebe ọ bụ na homonụ na-abanye kpọmkwem na akwara nke ahụ ma site ebe ahụ banye na vene Portal. Imeju bụ ebumnuche kachasị maka homonụ. Mgbe ọ batara na imeju, akụrụngwa ya na - emepụta homonụ nke 50%.

Na agbanyeghi na ụkpụrụ nke ime ihe na ntọala ihe akaebe - a bụ nkịta nwere ọrịa shuga na-eme ya mgbe ọ na-ewepụ pancreas, na-egosi ya na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19, na ọkwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ, usoro mmekọrịta ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-akpata arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-aghọtaghị nke ọma. Nke a metụtara mmeghachi omume niile na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na metabolism metabolism. Maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa shuga, a malitere iji ọgwụ mgbochi porcine na nwa ehi eme ihe na narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

Kedu ihe dị ize ndụ nke enweghị insulin n'ime ahụ

Site na enweghi uto nke insulin ma obu oke carbohydrates site na nri, ihe ndi choro maka mmepe nke oria mellitus, oria metabolic system.

Ihe mgbaàmà ndị a na-egosi na njiri mara nke agba mbụ nke nsogbu ụjọ metabolic:

Mgbe niile akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ. Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere nri na-eto maka mmiri ole mmanya na-egbu. N'ezie, ọnọdụ a na-ebute ọrịa shuga mellitus ma nwee ike ịdị ọtụtụ ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ. Ọnọdụ a bụ nke e ji mara ndị na - eme glucose, ndị nwere ahụ ike, ndị nnọchianya nke ọrụ echiche na - arụ ọrụ na - arụ ọrụ na ụbụrụ na - arụ ọrụ.
Urination ugboro ugboro. Ndị hụrụ ahụ n'anya n'anya na-a rejoiceụrị ọ theụ - ibu dị otú o kwesịrị, ahụ na-ewepụ nsị. Ndị ọrụ Sedentary kwenyere na ndị nrụpụta ọrụ arụ ọrụla. Ọ bụrụ na mkpokọta ụda mmiri a na-ekwupụta karịrị lita 4-5, nke a bụ ihe mgbaàmà na-egbu mgbu.
Adịghị ike na akwara, ọnọdụ nke ike ọgwụgwụ oge niile, ike ọgwụgwụ.
Ketonemia, ihe mgbu na akụrụ, imeju, isi acetone site n'ọnụ ma ọ bụ mmamịrị.
Mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa nke anụ ahụ - na-arụ ọrụ ike, eweghachite ike na echiche ọhụrụ.
Nyocha ọbara ga-egosi na mgbakwunye na ọbara shuga dị elu, mmụba nke asịd, ọkachasị cholesterol. Nnyocha ga-egosi ọnụnọ acetone n'ime mmamịrị.

Ghọta usoro ọrụ insulin na usoro biochemistry nke ahụ niile si arụ ọrụ n’ime ahụ na-enyere aka iwulite nri kwesịrị ekwesị ma ghara itinye anụ ahụ n’ihe ize ndụ site na iji oke glucose dị ọcha n’ụdị ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali, ma ọ bụ na-eme ka carbohydrates dị ngwa ngwa.

Ihe egwu nke ịba ụba ịbawanye ụba nke insulin

Site na ịba ụba nke nri, ịba ụba carbohydrate na nri, oke ume anụ ahụ, mmepụta eke insulin na-abawanye. A na-eji akwadebe insulin na egwuregwu iji mee ka uto anụ ahụ dịkwuo elu, mụbaa ume ma nye mgbatị mmega ahụ ka mma.

Mgbe ibu ahụ kwụsịtụrụ ma ọ bụ ebe ọzụzụ na-esighi ike, akwara ndị ahụ ga-adị ngwa ngwa, usoro nke itinye abụba na-apụta. Ọkpụkpọ Hormonal nwere nsogbu, nke na-eduga na ọrịa shuga.

N'ime ụdị ọrịa shuga nke 2, imepụta insulin n'ahụ n'ahụ na-adịgide ọkwa nkịtị, mana mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide mmetụta ya. Iji mezuo nsonaazụ nkịtị, achọrọ mmụba dị ukwuu na homonụ ahụ. N'ihi nguzosi anụ ahụ, a na-ahụkarị foto a na-adakarị, yiri nke enweghị homonụ, mana ya na imepụta oke ya.

Maka gịnị, na usoro nke usoro ndu, ọ dị mkpa idobe ọkwa glucose ọbara n'ọkwa dị mma

Ọ ga-adị ka insulin gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ nwere ike idozi nsogbu nke nsogbu nke ọrịa shuga, na-ewepụ glucose ngwa ngwa, ma na-edozi metabolism. N'ihi ya, ọ baghị uru ịchịkwa ọkwa shuga. Ma nke a abụghị eziokwu.

Hyperglycemia na-emetụta akwara nke glucose na-abanye n'ime ya n'emeghị insulin. Sistemmu ụjọ, usoro mgbasa akụrụ, akụrụ, na akụkụ ahụ nke ọhụụ na-ata ahụhụ. Mmụba nke glucose na-emetụta ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke protein anụ ahụ, na inye oxygen maka mkpụrụ ndụ na-emebi n'ihi mgbanwe nke haemoglobin.

Glycosylation na-akụghasị ọrụ nke collagen - mmụba dị nro na ọghọm nke arịa ọbara, na-eduga mmepe nke atherosclerosis. Nsogbu njiri mara hyperglycemia gụnyere ọrịrị nke anya akpiri, mmebi nke azụ, na mmepe. A na-emetụtakwa akịkpọ akwara na akwara akụrụ. N'iburu n'uche ihe egwu nke nsogbu, n'ịgwọ ọrịa shuga, ọ dị mma idowe ọkwa shuga n'ọkwa nkịtị.

Ihe dị ka 6% nke ndị bi n'ọtụtụ mba ndị mepere emepe na-arịa ụdị ọrịa shuga na-adabere na ọrịa shuga, ihe ha na-akpata buru ibu dịkwa nso ịdabere na insulin. Nọmba ndị a bụ nnukwu ọnụọgụgụ, nke na-akwado site n'ọtụtụ oriri nke homonụ mmadụ.

Ofcessụbiga shuga ókè, karịsịa n'ụdị ihe ọ drinksụ ,ụ, carbohydrates ngwa ngwa, na-ama jijiji metabolism nke mmadụ, na-akpalite mmepe nke degenerative na ọrịa. Kwa afọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-adabere na insulin chọrọ ụdị hormone ahụ na-amụba n'ihi nchebe ha na-egbochi ihe ndị sitere n'okike.