Nnyocha ọbara biochemical: nkịtị, transcript nke nsonaazụ, tebụl

Nyocha biochemical - usoro nyocha nke ụlọ nyocha na-enye gị ohere inyocha ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime (imeju, akụrụ, pancreas, eriri afọ, wdg), nweta ozi gbasara metabolism (metabolism nke lipids, protein, carbohydrates), chọpụta mkpa nke ihe metụtara.

• Nlekota ahuike (opekata mpe 1 n’ime otua). Ọ dị mkpa ijide n’aka na n’afọ ahụ ngụkọta ọbara a na-anara mmadụ, gụnyere maka ebumnuche nyocha, adịghị agafe nzere nke sel ọbara ọbara.
• Ọrịa na-efe efe gara aga ma ọ bụ ọrịa somatic gara aga.

Tupu ịmalite nyocha nke mmiri ọgwụ mmadụ, a na-eme usoro nkwadebe ndị dị mkpa. A na-etinye oriri pụrụ iche na ogwe aka dị n’elu ikpere. Ejiri ọgwụ antiseptik ebe a na -eme ọbara. A na-etinye agịga n'ime akwara, na mgbe ejirijuju ọbara ọnya ọnya ọbara, ọbara na-adọta. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịme nlele ọbara site na akwara ọnya, a na-eme nnwale ọbara site na veins ndị ọzọ dị maka nyocha na ndozi. A na-awụnye ọbara n'ọbara ya ma ziga ya n'ụlọ nyocha nke mmiri ọgwụ.

Gini bu ule ogwu banyere ihe banyere ndu anuma

LHC gụnyere ihe ngosi dị iche iche. Mgbe mgbe, a na-atụle nyocha na ọkwa mbụ nke nchọpụta nke ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ihe kpatara ọmụmụ a nwere ike bụrụ nsonaazụ ezighi ezi nke nnwale ọbara zuru oke, njikwa nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, wdg.

Tebụl iwu na idobe nsonaazụ nke nyocha ọbara nyocha biochemical

Ngụkọta protein

Plasma nwere ihe dị ka narị protein atọ. Ndị a gụnyere enzymes, ihe coagulation, ọgwụ mgbochi. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ji eme ihe maka protein. Ọkwa nke protin dum na-adabere na ịta albumin na globulins. Fooddị nri, ọnọdụ nke ihe na-egbu nri (eriri afọ), ịxụbiga mmanya ókè, ọnụego protein ida n'oge ọbara na mmamịrị na-emetụta ọnụego nke mmepụta protein.

A na-ewepụ abụba, nnu, na nri e ghere eghe ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ tupu nyocha. Amachibidoro ị alcoholụ mmanya 1-2 ụbọchị ọmụmụ ahụ. Mmega ahụ kwesiri ịdị oke.

Ọnọdụ na-eduga mgbanwe n'ọkwa protin dum

Mmụba anụ ahụ na ngụkọta protin ka a na-ahụ na ụmụaka.

Ihe ọụ Gụ glucose bụ ihe dị ndụ, ọ na - eme sọks nke na - emepụta ihe karịrị 50% nke ike achọrọ maka ndụ. Na-achịkwa ịba uru insulin. Usoro nke glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis na glycolysis na - enwetara nguzozi nke ọbara.

Ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga n'ịgbanwe glucose ọbara

Antsmụ amụrụ ime site na nne nwere ọrịa shuga nwere mbelata ọkwa glucose. Ekwesịrị iji nchịkwa glycemia na-eme ya mgbe niile. Ọrịa ndị ọrịa mamịrị chọrọ ubara glucose kwa ụbọchị.

Ole cholesterol

Ngwakọta cholesterol zuru oke bụ akụkụ nke mgbidi sel, yana endoplasmic reticulum. Ọ bụ ihe ntụgharị maka homonụ mmekọahụ, glucocorticoids, acid bile na cholecalciferol (vitamin D). Ihe dị ka 80% nke cholesterol na-arụ ọrụ n'ime hepatocytes, 20% sitere na nri.

Ihe ndi ozo na egosiputa mmanu mmanu anakpo gunye na LHC: triglycerides, chylomicrons, nke di elu, nke di ala na nke di ala. Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakọ akara nke atherogenicity. Usoro ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nchoputa nke atherosclerosis.

Ọnọdụ ndị na-eduga na cholesterol na-agbanwe

Profaịlụ nwere ike igosipụta metabolism nke abụba dị n'ahụ. A na-ekpebi ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa atherosclerosis, akwara ọbara na akwara ọbara na ọrịa coronary na-arịa cholesterol.

Bilirubin bụ otu n'ime isi ihe gbasara ihe gbasara ihe gbasara agụ akwụkwọ. O mepụtara site na haemoglobin, myoglobin na cytochromes. N'oge ọgbụgba nke ọbara haemoglobin, a na-agwakọta ụmụ irighiri irighiri nke bilirubin. Na albumin, a na-ebuga ya na imeju, ebe a na-eme mgbanwe ọzọ. Na hepatocytes, a na-emebisị Bilirubin na glucuronic acid, n'ihi nke esite na ya pụta ihe pere mpe.

Bilirubin bụ akara nke mmerụ nsị na mgbochi ihe na-egbu egbu. N'iji njiri mara nke a, a na-ehibe ụdị jaundice.

Ihe kpatara mgbakwunye nke bilirubin na ụmụ irighiri ihe ya:

• ngụkọta bilirubin: erythrocyte hemolysis, jaundice, ịba ọcha n'anya, ọrụ zuru oke nke AlT, AST,
• kpọmkwem bilirubin: ịba ọcha n'anya, ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, ọrịa biliary traktị, etuto imeju, ọrịa Dabin-Johnson, hypothyroidism n'ime ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, ọrịa jaundice, biliary cirrhosis, isi ọwụwa, isi helminths,
• bilirubin na-apụtaghị ìhè: hemolytic anaemia, pulmonary infarction, hematomas, rupture of a great arịa aneurysm, low glucuronyl transferase function, Gilbert syndrome, Krigler-Nayyar syndrome.

N'ime ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, n'etiti ụbọchị nke abụọ na nke ise nke ndụ, a na-ahụ ịrị elu na-apụtaghị ìhè na bilirubin. Ọnọdụ a abụghị ọrịa. Uto biliri nke bilirubin nwere ike igosipụta ọrịa hemolytic nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ.

Alanine aminotransferase

ALT na-ezo aka nnyefe hepatic. Site na mmebi nke hepatocytes, ọrụ nke enzyme a na-abawanye. ALT dị elu akọwapụtara maka mmebi imeju karịa AST.

Ọnụọgụ AlT na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị a:

• Ọrịa imeju: ịba ọcha n'anya, ịba ọcha n'anya, hepatic metastases, jaundice mgbochi,
• ujo
• ọkụ ọrịa
• nnukwu ọrịa lymphoblastic leukemia,
• pathology nke obi na ọbara,
• preeclampsia
• myositis, muscle dystrophy, myolysis, dermatomyositis,
• oke ibu.

Ihe ngosipụta maka ikpebi ọkwa nke ALT bụ nchọpụta dị iche nke ọrịa nke akwara, pancreas na bile ducts.

Mee ka aminotransferase

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) bụ enzyme metụtara transaminases. Enzyme ahụ na-ekere òkè na mgbanwe nke ntọala amino acid, njirimara sel niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu. AST dị n’ime obi, akwara, akụrụ na akụrụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa myocardial, ịta nke enzyme a na-abawanye.

Ọnọdụ na-eduga mgbanwe mgbanwe na ọkwa nke AST na LHC

Nyefee Gamma glutamyl

Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) bụ enzyme metụtara metabolism amino acid. Enzyme ahụ na - agbakọ akụrụ, akụrụ, pancreas. Ekpebie ọkwa ya maka nchọpụta ọrịa nke ọrịa imeju, na-enyocha usoro nke ọrịa akwara na ọrịa prostate. A na-etinye uche nke GGT iji kpebie ọgwụ ọjọọ nke ọgwụ ọjọọ. Ọkwa nke enzyme ahụ na-ebelata na hypothyroidism.

GGT na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ ndị a:

• cholestasis
• bile du mgbochi,
• ọria aru
• alisụrụma
• Ọrịa cancer akpa ume
• hyperthyroidism
• muscle dystrophy
• oke ibu
• ọrịa shuga mellitus.

Tupu inyocha ọbara biochemical maka GGT, ịkwesighi ị asụ aspirin, ascorbic acid ma ọ bụ paracetamol.

Alkaline foseti

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) bụ enzyme metụtara hydrolases. Na-esonye na catabolism nke phosphoric acid na ụgbọ njem phosphorus na ahụ. Achọtara ya na imeju, placenta na ọkpụkpụ.

A na-ahụwanye mmụba nke alkaline phosphatase na ọrịa nke sistem akwara (fractures, rickets), hyperfunction nke gall parathyroid, ọrịa imeju, cytomegaly na ụmụaka, infarction pulmonary na akụrụ. A na-ahụkarị mmụba nke anụ ahụ n'oge afọ ime, yana n'etiti ụmụaka tozuru oke n'oge uto nke uto. ALP na-ebelata site na hypophosphatasemia, achondroplasia, vitamin C, ụkọ protein.

A na-ekpebi ọkwa alkaline phosphatase maka nchọpụta nke pathology nke ọkpụkpụ, umeji na ọnya biliary.

Urea bu nkpuru nke protein ida. A na-ahụkarị na imeju. A na-ekpocha ọtụtụ urea site na nhicha ikuku.

Ọnọdụ na-eduga mgbanwe urea

Mmụba anụ ahụ na urea na-achọpụta na nwata, yana ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na ọkara nke ọkara. A na-eme nnyocha ahụ iji chọpụta nsogbu akụrụngwa na arụ ọrụ.

Creatinine bu ahia nke catabolism nke creatine tinyere aka na ume ike nke anụ ahụ. Ọ na-egosi ogo nke ọdịda akwara.

A na-ahụ hypermagnesemia na ọrịa Addison, ọrịa shuga, ọdịda akụrụ. Na hypomagnesemia bụ ọrịa nke digestive tract, akụrụ pathology, enweghị obere nri nri.

Ojiji nke fatịlaịza nke creatinine na-aputa site na akụrụ. Concentta ya dabere na ọnụego gbasara mkpo ya.

Ọnọdụ na-eduga na mgbanwe nke creatinine

Inme ihe nke creatinine dị elu karịa n’ebe ụmụ nwanyị dị ime, ndị agadi na ụmụ nwoke. A na-agbakọ ọnụego nhicha nke glomerular site na mkpochapụ creatinine.

Alfa amylase

Alfa-amylase (amylase, α-amylase) bụ enzyme hydrolase nke kpatara nbibi nke stachi na glycogen nye maltose. A kpụrụ ya na pancreas na gland na nnu. Ezigbo mkpụzi bụ akụrụ na-eme ya.

A na-ahụta ụkpụrụ amylase gabigara site na ọrịa akparamaagwa, ọrịa ketoacidosis, ọrịa akụrụ, peritonitis, ọnya afọ, ngụgụ, etuto ahụ, na ị alcoholụbiga mmanya ókè.

Uto anụ ahụ nke enzyme na-apụta n’oge atụrụ ime. Α-amylase na-agbadata site na nsị nke pancreatic, cystic fibrosis, ịba ọcha n'anya, akwara coronary syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperlipidemia. Akpanke nke anụ ahụ bụ ihe e ji mara ụmụaka na afọ mbụ nke ndụ ha.

Lateate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) bụ enzyme nke metụtara metabolism metabolism. Ọrụ LDH kachasị elu bụ njirimara myocardium, akwara ọkpụkpụ, akụrụ, ngụgụ, imeju na ụbụrụ.

Mmụba na ịta nke enzyme a ka a na-achọpụta na nnukwu ọrịa obi, ọrịa obi ọsịsa, ọrịa nke akwara, akụrụ, nnukwu pancreatitis, ọrịa lymphoproliferative, myodystrophy, ọrịa mononucleosis, hypofunction thyroid, ahụ ọkụ ogologo, ụjọ, hypoxia, dromia na-egbu egbu na. Mbelata mmeghachi omume na ọkwa LDH mgbe ị na-ewere antimetabolites (ọgwụ antitumor).

Calcium bụ ihe mejupụtara anụ ahụ. A na - achọta ihe dị ka 10% nke calcium na eze na enamel ọkpụkpụ. A na-achọta obere pasent nke ịnweta (0.5-1%) na mmiri ọmụmụ.

Calcium bụ ihe mejupụtara usoro inye ọbara. Ọ bụkwa ya na-ahụ maka mgbasa nke mkpali akwara, nsụchi akwara akwara. Mmụba nke ọkwa ya na-egosi hyperfunction nke ọrịa gland nke parathyroid na thyroid, osteoporosis, hypofunction nke gren adrenal, nnukwu akụrụ gbasara akụrụ, na etuto ahụ.

A na - agbadata ọkwa Calcium na hypoalbuminemia, hypovitaminosis D, jaundice na-egbochi, ọrịa Fanconi, hypomagnesemia. Iji mee ka nguzosi ndi ozo di n’ime ọbara, odi nkpa iri nri nke oma, n’oge omumu, buru ihe ndi a n’eme ka calcium.

Whey Iron

Iron bụ ihe a na-achọpụta na ọ bụ akụrụngwa haemoglobin na myoglobin. Ọ na-ekere òkè na ebugharị oxygen, na-eme ka anụ ahụ jupụta ha.

Ọnọdụ na-eduga mgbanwe na ọkwa iron

A na - ebelata ogo iron n’ime ụmụ nwanyị n’oge ha dị ime. Nke a putara na ochoro ya di elu. A na –efeghachịkwa ọkwa nke ihe ana - achọpụta na ụbọchị.

Magnesium bụ akụkụ nke anụ ahụ nke anụ ahụ, ihe ruru 70% nke ego ya dị na calcium na phosphorus. A na-ahụtarị ahụ na akwara, sel ọbara ọbara, hepatocytes.

Ihe ngosipụta maka ikpebi ọkwa ALT bụ nchọpụta dị iche nke ọrịa nke akwara, pancreas na bile ducts.

Magnesium ana achi achi aru oru nke myocardium, sistem akwara na akwara obi. A na-ahụ hypermagnesemia na ọrịa Addison, ọrịa shuga, ọdịda akụrụ. Na hypomagnesemia bụ ọrịa nke digestive tract, akụrụ ọrịa, akụrụngwa na-enweghị nri.

Iwu maka ịkwadebe maka nyocha

Maka izi ezi nke nsonaazụ nyocha a, a na-ewere ihe ndị dị ndụ na afọ na-adịghị ọcha n'ụtụtụ. Edere agụụ zuru ezu na awa 8-12. Beforebọchị tupu mgbe ahụ, ọgwụ ndị nwere ike ịmụrụ ihe ọmụmụ ga-akagbu. Ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkagbu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, a ga-atụle ajụjụ a na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha na dibịa na-aga.

A na-ewepụ abụba, nnu, na nri e ghere eghe ruo awa iri abụọ na anọ tupu nyocha. Amachibidoro ị alcoholụ mmanya 1-2 ụbọchị ọmụmụ ahụ. Mmega ahụ kwesiri ịdị oke. Enwere ike ịdabere na data enwetara mgbe a nyochachara x-ray ma ọ bụ radionuclide.

Ihe ndu ndu bu oria obi. A na-eme Venipuncture maka nchịkọta ya. N'elu ikpere aka, nọọsụ na-etinye usoro njem, a na-etinye agịga n'ime akwara ọbara. Ọ bụrụ na arịa a adịghị, ọnya ọzọ na-apịa aka. A na-eziga ọkpọ ahụ bịanyere aka na ụlọ nyocha ahụ n'ime awa 1-2.

A na-eme nyocha ọbara sitere na kemịkal na ndị okenye na ụmụaka, na enweghị ọrịa, kwa afọ. Usoro nchọpụta a na-enye gị ohere ịchọpụta ọrịa ahụ na ọkwa ahụ.

Anyị na-enye gị ka ị kirie vidiyo na isiokwu nke isiokwu ahụ

Njirimara nke nyocha ihe banyere ndu

Ebe ọ bụ na ọbara na-agbapụta n’akụkụ ahụ niile nke mmadụ, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ya nwere ike ịdị iche - dabere na ọnụnọ ọrịa na otu ma ọ bụ karịa n’ime ha. Ya mere, nnwale ọbara sitere na biochemical bụ ọmụmụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, bụ nke enyere ya maka mkpesa ndị ọrịa gbasara ahụike yana akwara gbasara akụrụ, ọrịa imeju na akwara.

A na - ewere biomateri n'ụtụtụ, site na awa 8 ruo 11, mgbe ọ bụla na afọ efu, mana n'otu oge ahụ, ibu ọnụ ekwesịghị gafere awa iri na anọ. Maka nyocha, a na-ewere ọbara venous n'aka onye ọrịa n'ogo nke ihe ruru ise rue asatọ.

Nyocha biochemical banyere mmamịrị bụ otu n'ime ihe ọmụmụ ndị bụ isi na - akwado ya: ọ na - enye gị ohere ịchọpụta ọ bụghị naanị ọnụnọ nke ọrịa nke usoro genitourinary, kamakwa iji nweta ozi gbasara ọnọdụ nke biliary tract na ọrụ nke ọtụtụ sistem. Edere nyocha ahụ n’oge afọ ime, yana ọrịa shuga na ọrịa akụrụ chere.

A na - eburu biomateri n'ụlọ, n'ehihie, na - ebido n'isi ụtụtụ, na - anakọta mmamịrị n'ime akpa. Iwu nchịkọta dị mkpa:

• were naanị ite mmiri
• donkwesighi ịnakọta akụkụ ụtụtụ mbụ,
• ịdị ọcha tupu urination,
• n'etiti njem gaa mposi na tupu ịga ụlọ ọgwụ, a ga-edobe mmamịrị na friji (ọ dịghị ihe karịrị otu ụbọchị).

Mgbe achịkọta biomateri ahụ kwa ụbọchị, agwakọtara ya, tụọ olu, wụsa obere (ihe ruru 50 ml) n’ime nnukwu ite pụrụ iche, nke na-egosi ngụkọta nke mmamịrị kwa ụbọchị, ịdị elu na ịdị arọ nke onye ọrịa. Mgbe ahụ enwere ike ibufe akpa ahụ n'ụlọ nyocha.

Giovanni Battista Belzoni

Giovanni Battista Belzoni (:Tali: Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Nọvemba 15, 1778, Padua - Disemba 3, 1823, Gato, ugbu a Ugoton, Edo, Nigeria) - onye njem andtali na onye njem nke dị na mmalite nke ịmepụta nnukwu nchịkọta nke nka ndị Egypt na Western Europe. Na agbanyeghi na ọ bụghị sayensị, Dictionary nke National Biography na-etinye aha ya n'etiti ndị na-achọpụta ọdịbendị nke Egypt oge ochie. N'ihi uto ya na ike ya, a makwaara ya Nnukwu Belzoni.

N’afọ 1816, Henry Salt goro Belzoni ibuga nnukwu arụsị site na Luxor. Na-agbago Nail na 1817, ọ buru ụzọ chọta ụlọ arụsị Abu Simbel. Ka ọ na-aga, ọ bịakwutere ndị na-ebugharị ili ahụ site na Kurna na Karnak, wee nwee ike inweta ọtụtụ osisi akpụrụ akpụ, arịa, papyri na mummies. Na Ndagwurugwu nke eze, Belzoni meghere ili Seti I na Anya. Na 1818, na nke izizi ya kemgbe ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, ọ gara ụlọ ili ozu nke pyramid Chefren. Na 1819, Belzoni gara Oké Osimiri Uhie na iyi nke ọzara Libya. N'ihi esemokwu ya na Bernardino, a manyere Drovetti Belzoni na nwunye ya Bekee ịhapụ Egypt. Site na ihe ndi o chikọtara, Belzoni haziri ihe ngosi buru ibu nke ihe ndi Ijipt oge ochie na London na May 1821. Na 1822, ọ gakwara leta Russia na Denmark, na France, ya na onye na-eto eto Champollion jikọrọ aka. Na 1823, Belzoni gara Timbuktu na ịgakwuru - na-achọ isi mmalite Osimiri Niger, mana ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọnya ọnya ọbara, erughị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ.

Electra (dr. Greek Ἠλέκτρα) - na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris oge ochie bụ nwa nwanyị Agamemnon na Clytemnestra, nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị maka ọdachi ndị Gris. N'oge ntorobịa ya, ọ gbara ama gburu nne ya site n'aka nne ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Aegisthus. Ọ nwere ike ịhazi ụzọ mgbapụ nke obere nwanne Orestes nke Mycenae. Ọ nọrọ afọ asaa ọzọ nke ndụ ya na iru újú, na-ezochighị ịkpọasị na nlelị maka ndị na-eme ọnwụ Agamemnon. Mgbe nlọghachi nke Orestes, ọ ghọrọ onye na-akpali ịbọ ọbọ ma jisie ike ịhazi igbu ọchụ nke nne ya na Aegisthus.

Electra bụ onye na - agbagha na ọdachi Aeschylus "Hoefory", Sophocles "Electra", Euripides "Electra" na "Orest", yana Seneca "Agamemnon". Dabere na akụkọ ifo nke Electra na Orestes, e mepụtala ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, opera na fim. Dabere na ndị ọkà mmụta n'oge a, abụ sitere na ọrụ Euripides, nke bụ nzaghachi Electra na oku nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwe ukwe ka ha gaa ezumike, bụ otu n'ime ihe mwute kachasị njọ na ọdachi ndị Gris oge ochie.