Nkume pancreas > Ọgwụgwọ na mgbochi

Nkịtị pancreatic bụ sọsọ, nke etinyere na ducts na parenchyma nke akụkụ ahụ digestive. Ọdịda nke usoro siri ike na-eduga na mmebi nke intracretory na ọrụ exocrine nke gland. Ọtụtụ mgbe, n'ọdịdị ha na-metụtara pancreatitis na ọrịa shuga mellitus nke abụọ.

Iji kwado ọnụnọ nke nkume dị na akwara, ị ga-achọ nyocha nke ga - enyere dọkịta aka ịkọwa ọgwụgwọ dị mma iji belata mbufụt, ọzịza ma weghachi ọrụ akụkụ ahụ. Nkume pancreatic chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ozugbo!

Njirimara nke oria

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa metụtara ọdịdị nke nkume na pancreas metụtara ọnụnọ nke usoro mkpali na-adịghị ala ala. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nsogbu ya nwere ike kpalite ọdịdị ya, nke mere megide nzụlite ụrọ nke calcium na ngwa nke usoro nri. N'okwu a, a na-egbochi enzymes diges. Nkume na pancreas nwere ike ibu oke ma obu pere mpe.

Nye aka na ọdịdị nke okwute nwere ike inwe ihe ndị a:

Iri anụ ahụ na-abawanye.
Mmụba bilirubin na cholesterol.
Ọrụ dị ala.
Uka nká.
Ọnụnọ nke shuga dị elu na ọrịa imeju.
Ebubo nke cholelithiasis.

Enwere okwute na ngwo na akpukpo ahu:

n'ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime
womenmụ nwanyị gbara afọ 30 ruo 40,
ụmụ nwoke ịla ezumike nká
ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa nke usoro ọbara na akwara,
juputara na ndi mmadu
ndị mmadụ na-a medicationụ ọgwụ, na-eri nri ma na-ewere homonụ.

Ahụ mgbu dị ogologo ma na-adịte aka na mpaghara elu nke apịtị nwere ike igosipụta ọnụnọ nke nkume na pancreas. N'oge ụfọdụ, mgbu na-anọ ihe karịrị awa 3 ma nwee ike ịnụ ya n'ubu aka nri na etiti ubu ya. Enwere ike ịta onye ọrịa ahụhụ site na ọgbụgbọ na mmetụta nke ikpo ọkụ, nke na-eme n'oge ọ bụla n'ụbọchị.

A na-ekwupụta mgbaàmà ọrịa, ọ nwere ike ịdị ogologo oge. Nkume nwere ike ibute oganihu nke oria akwara, nke nwere ike ibute ujo. Nwere ike ịgwọ ọrịa naanị onye dọkịta nwere ahụmahụ ga-ahọpụta ụzọ ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla.

Ihe kacha gosiputa oria a bu:

Ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe na-agbanwe pancreatic

Ugboro ugboro ma na-enwe nnukwu mgbu na-etinye uche n'ihe n'afọ ma gbatịkwa azụ. Otu n’ime ihe kacha egosi na ọrịa a bụ.
Ngosipụta nke ihe mgbu mgbe erichara nri.
Ọdịdị nke ọgbụgba.
Iju mmiri ugboro ugboro bụ enyi nke nkume.
Stool na-efe efe, agba aja aja.
Mmetụta ikpo ọkụ.
Blogba mgbochi.
N’ime imegharị afọ, onye ọrịa ahụ na-enwe ihe mgbu.

Nkume nwere ike ibute nnukwu nsogbu. A na - eme ka pancreas rụpụta ihe homonụ nke na - achịkwa ọkwa glucose na sistem. Neoplasms siri ike na-ebelata oke homonụ zoro ezo. Nke a na - ebute uto nke ọrịa shuga.

Ugboro ugboro nke ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgbọ nwere ike igosipụta ọnụnọ nke okwute n'ime akwara

Ogologo nkwụsị nke usoro ahụ na-aghọ ihe na-ebute mmepe nke usoro mkpali, nke bụ nnukwu akụkụ nke pancreatitis. Ahụ ahụ onye ọrịa na-agbago, ọrịa na-efe efe na-efe efe, mgbu na-egbu oge. Ọrịa mgbu na-ebilite megide nzụlite isi ike na ụzọ mmiri site na eburu mmiri.

Ọ bụrụ na, na mgbakwunye na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-achọpụta ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ, ekwesịrị ka akpọọ ụgbọ ihe mberede ozugbo! Mgbaàmà dị otu a na-egosi na okwute ndị ahụ abanye na ebele. N'okwu a, ọkachamara ahụike ahụ ga-eme nyocha ma dezie usoro ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị, gụnyere ị anụ ọgwụ mgbochi na antispasmodic.

Ọrịa na ọgwụgwọ

Mgbe ihe mgbaàmà mbụ nke pancreatolysis (nkume dị na pancreas) pụtara, ọ bara uru ịnwale nchoputa nke ga - enyere aka ịchọta ọnọdụ nke okwute ahụ. Dịka iwu, dọkịta duziri onye ọrịa maka ụzọ:

endoscopy
Ultrasound
nyocha x-ray,
MRI
gụpụtara tomography.

Nsonaazụ nyocha enwetara na nyocha onye ọrịa banyere isi ihe mgbaàmà ga - enyere dọkịta aka ịmalite usoro ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla.

Ọgwụgwọ ebidoghi iji bute eziokwu ahụ na onye ọrịa ahụ ga-enwetekwa ọgwụ nkpuchi. Ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa palọ na-echezọ echefu banyere ọgwụgwọ na-emerụ ahụ ma na-anata ọgwụgwọ ahụike. Kedụ ka aga ewepu okwute ma chọọ ịwa ahụ maka ụdị ọrịa ndị a?

Site na ọrịa ụjọ, onye ọrịa na-ele endoscopy na ultrasound

Ọrịa Pancreatolysis pụtara mmadụ ịgwọ onye ọrịa. Onye ọkachamara na ahụike kwesiri iji usoro zuru oke. N'okwu a, ọ ga-adị mma ijikọta usoro ọgwụgwọ na usoro ọgwụgwọ. N'ime usoro mmalite, ị nwere ike iwepu okwute ahụ n’enweghị ịwa ahụ. Ekwesịrị ịnye ọgwụ ọgwụ naanị!

Nwere ike iwepu ihe mgbaàmà ya na ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala naanị na enweghị ịkwụsị dọkịta gị tụrụ aro ya. Ihe ịwa ahụ (laparotomy, pancreatectomy) na - enyere aka ịghaghasị iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke anụ ahụ metụtara ma kpochapụ ihe kpatara ya. Ojiji nke laparotomy dị ezigbo mkpa n'ọnọdụ ebe ọgụ ugboro ugboro na-emebi ahụ.

Ihe ngosiputa zuru oke maka ogwugwo a gha bu ihe omuma ndi dika:

oge a ga-egosipụta ọrịa ahụ,
ezughi oke mma
ogo ọrụ mbufụt,
na-ekwupụta mgbaàmà na-eduga na oke nke anụ ahụ.

N'ịchọpụta ebe okwute ahụ dị, ma nweekwa usoro ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị na nke a, dọkịta ahụ ga-eme ka onye ọrịa mara banyere omume mmado nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nri. Oriri na-edozi ahụ kwesịrị pere mpe, nri ga-enwerịrị nke ọma.

Ndabere nke menu nri onye ọrịa kwesịrị ịbụ:

anụ ezi
azụ iyak
ọkụkọ fillet,
mmiri ara ehi na mmiri ara ehi gbara ụka na-abụghị abụba,
efere nri
ofe
onyinye.

Steam ka mma. Ojiji nke àkwá, bọta na mmanụ oriri ka ga-amachaghị. N'ihe banyere ọrịa, nri ndị nwere abụba na nke e ghere eghe, nri ndị na-atọ ụtọ, chocolate, achịcha, ihe ọ coffeeụ coffeeụ kọfị, soda, mmanya na-egbu egbu, anaghị apụ apụ na nri.

A ga-amachibido ጣፋጭ swcreatitis sweets na chocolate

Agba nke mbu nke ihe otite na enyere gi aka ihu usoro itiwa okwute. Iwepu ha bu ihe eji ekwe omume site na enyemaka nke ogwu puru iche nke kpochapu akwara bile ma mebisie usoro. Ọ nweghị uru dị na ya maka okwute dị na pancreas, cholangiopancreatography.

Usoro a na-agụnye iji tube endoscopic. Site n'enyemaka ya, enwere ike wepu usoro niile siri ike na ducts, mgbaàmà na-adịghị mma, a na-ewepụ ihe mgbu, ahụ adịghị emerụ ahụ mmadụ. Enwere ike iwepu nsogbu na akụkụ ahụ nke usoro nri site na lithotripsy. Emebisiri emebi ugwu niile mejupụtara n’ime akụkụ ahụ na mmiri mebiri emebi.

N'ọnọdụ siri ike, dọkịta na-agwa onye ọrịa ka ọ wepụ akụkụ ahụ gland site n'ịwa ahụ. Enwere ike itinye usoro uzo uzo, nke na-egosi na ịmepụta okike nke ụzọ ọzọ maka arụ ọrụ nkịtị nke bile na enzymatic na-asọ.

Ọgwụ ịwa ahụ

Site na mmụba na oke nke okwute ahụ na mmụba na mgbaàmà, a ga-enyerịrị onye ọrịa ahụ ọgwụgwọ ịwa ahụ. N'oge ya, a na-ewepụ calculi. A na-eweghachi mmiri ọreatụ pancụ panreatic na-enweghị n'efu. N'ọnọdụ ebe okwute ahụ dị naanị, dọkịta na-awa ahụ na-ekpu akwara anụ ahụ ma wepụsịa usoro etinyere ya. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ọtụtụ okwute, ịkpụcha akụkụ akụkụ ahụ ya dum kwesịrị ka arụ ya.

Operationwa ahụ ga - enyere aka wepu ájá. A na-ehichapu oghere na sinuses. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a pụrụ ijikọ ígwè. N'ihi ịwa ahụ, fistula nwere ike ịmepụta nke ga-agwọ ogologo oge. Mgbe ọria gosipụtara egosiputa ọnụnọ nke okwute n’ime akwara, ọ bụ ihe anabataghị ịgwọ onwe ya. Site na ịkpọtụrụ dọkịta na oge, ị nwere ike zere ịwa ahụ ma wepụsịa okwute na usoro ọgwụ.

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ịwa ahụ ga-adị mkpa iji wepu nkume ahụ.

Mgbochi

Themepụta okwute na pancreas ka mma igbochi karịa ịgwọ ya! Ndị ọkachamara mere ọtụtụ ntụnye anya, ihe a ga-eme ga - enyere aka igbochi ọdịdị nke okwute na akụkụ ahụ nke sistemụ nri.

Hazie nri nke ọma. Iri nri kwesiri ibu ihe n’ile anya, odi kwa obere.
Ibepu agwa ojoo.
Usjụ ndị nwere nri na ọsọ.
Kwa oge na-a coursesụ ọmụmụ nke infusions na tii dabere na dandelion epupụta, dioecious nettle. I nwekwara ike ịgbakwunye rose hips, blueberries na lingonberries.

Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịmalite ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa pancreatitis n'oge, yabụ, na mgbaàmà mbụ, ịkwesịrị ịchọ enyemaka site na dọkịta ozugbo.

Amụma na igbochi okwute

Nnọchi anya ọnụnọ nke nkume a pịrị apị bụ ihe dị mma, mana n'ọtụtụ dabere na ọnụnọ nke nsogbu na ọnya na-efe efe. Ọgwụ ịwa ahụ na-enye nsonaazụ afọ ojuju na 85% nke ikpe, yana ọnwụ nwụsịrị na-erughị 2%. Ngwa ngwa ịwa ahụ ahụ ga-aka mma, ọ ga-aka mma ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-aka.

Egolitebeghị usoro ụzọ dị egwu iji gbochie ọrịa pancreolithiasis. Ọ ga-ekwe omume belata ohere ịhe nwere n'ahụ mmadụ na ọnụnọ ezinụlọ site na iso nri pụrụ iche, kwụsị ị alcoholụ mmanya na ise anwụrụ, yana ileba anya na steeti calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Oge na-aga n'ihu usoro mkpali na duodenum, traktị nke biliary, pancreas ga-enyekwa aka gbochie ihie okwute.

A na - eme pancreas maka imepụta ihe ọ juiceụ pancụ na-egbu egbu, nke na-emebi nri maka ịmịcha ya kpamkpam. Ihe ọ juiceụụ pancreatic n'akụkụ nnukwu mmiri na-abanye obere eriri afọ, ebe ọ na-amalite ime ihe. Y’oburu na akuku ahihia ahu, mwepu nke nzuzo bu ihe siri ike ma nwegharia - dika nke a, okwute putara n’agha. A na - edobe okwute ahụ na ogwe osisi volumetric, na mpaghara nke isi nke anụ ahụ, na - erughị ahụ na ọdụ. Na nha, okwute nwere ike ịdị iche na nke pere mpe (aja) wee buru ibu.

Ndị otu dị ize ndụ maka ịkpụ okwute na pancreas gụnyere ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke usoro pancreatic-hepatobiliary. N'ime ọtụtụ ọrịa na-emetụta gland, calculi na-eme na 0.8% nke ikpe. Ihe nketa bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na mmepe nke pancreatolithiasis - na 50% nke ndị ọrịa nwere okwute ọrịa akwara ketara eketa pụtara.

Na mgbakwunye na pancreas, calculi nwere ike ime na eriri afọ, na-egbochi ụyọkọ pọpọ na-ejikọkarị ọnụ, nke na-agwa ya na isi mmiri gland. Mgbe okwute mechiri duct ahụ, enzymes, n’achọghị ụzọ ọpụpụ, a na-arụ ọrụ n’ime anụ ahụ, na-emebi (ịgbari) ya.

Usoro nke ichota okwute n’ime akwara bu ihe di mgbagwoju anya. Iji wepụta ya, ịchọrọ nchikota nke ọtụtụ ihe na-akpasu iwe. Usoro eji emeputa okwute dikwa n’elu otite ihe nzuzo akuko, nke na –eme ka o tokota. Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke ihe nzuzo ahụ na-agbanwe, ihe ngosi na-egosipụta ya na nnu nnu. Na-esote, a na -emepụta protein protein, usoro nke calcination ya na-eji nwayọ amalite. Nkume ndị a rụpụtara na-etinye nrụgide na akwara na parinhema, na-akpalite mgbanwe necrotic.

A ghọtaghị ihe ndị na-akpata pancreolithiasis. Mana enwere ihe ndi n’aru ihe puru ime ogwu.

ọrịa mkpali na nri diges (pancreatitis, duodenitis, cholestitis),
mbelata nke oghere akwara n'ihi ọnya ma ọ bụ akpụ,
ihe dị afọ - mmadụ karịrị afọ 40 na-arịa ọrịa ọria,
odida na usoro usoro metabolic (enwere ike ịnweta calcium, phosphorus),
systemic ọrịa na-efe efe (syphilis),
enweghị mmega ahụ
oke ibu
ezi ndụ - ị --ụ sịga, ị drinkingụ mmanya ugboro ugboro, nri ezighi ezi.
nsogbu mgbochi homonụ.

Ogo nke ihe mgbaàmà na-adabere na ọkwa mmepe na ịkọwapụta nke okwute - ha nwere ike ịbụ na ogwe ma ọ bụ ọkwa parinhematous nke gland. N'okwu niile, ihe ịrịba ama bụ isi nke ịmepụta okwute bụ ihe mgbu. Mgbu na pancreolithiasis nwere ike ịdị ogologo oge ruo ọtụtụ awa. Site na okike nke ihe mgbu, ọkụ, n'ụdị colic, ha na-ekpuchi afọ na ala azụ, enyere ha aka na scapula. Ọrịa nwere ike ịbụ ụbọchị kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ihe adịkarịghị, ọtụtụ ugboro n'ọnwa, ma ọ bụ ọbụna otu afọ.

Ihe mgbaàmà ndi ozo nke izo okwute:

ụba mgbu n'oge nri na n'oge palpation,
mkpọchi nke ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba nke bile,
na-eme ka anụ na-egbu egbu na ọnụnọ nke abụba na - enweghị isi dị n'ime ha (steatorrhea - ọdụdụ mara abụba),
gosipụta salivation,
n'afọ na-adị mma n'anya
oria izugbe, sweating.

Site na usoro ọria nke ogologo oge nke pancreolithiasis megide mmalite nke mbelata ọrụ nzuzo nke akwara, imepụta insulin na-ebelata. Tinyere mgbaàmà ndị a na-ahụ anya, ọrịa shuga mellitus na-apụta - akpụkpọ akpọnwụ, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, polyuria, isi nke acetone si n'ọnụ ya. Mbugharị nke okwute site na pancreas banye n'ime maịlị na-ebute mmepe nke jaundice.

Ngwakọta nke pancreolithiasis dị ize ndụ. Ọ bụrụ na okwutechie ogologo oge ahụ, ọrịa akwara na-ebute oria nke anụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, megide ndabere nke okwute, ọnụnọ ezumike na cysts na-eme. Na ọnụnọ nke nnukwu okwute, enwere nnukwu ọbara ọgbụgba n'ọbara ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke anụ ahụ.

Nchoputa nke pancreolithiasis esighi ike - uzo nyocha nke ugbua nwere ike ichoputa obere okwute. Enyere nhọrọ maka ụzọ ọrụ. A na-egosipụta nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu iji mata ọnọdụ izugbe na ọnụnọ nke usoro mkpali.

Nnyocha maka okwute ndị a na-enyo enyo gụnyere:

nyocha nyocha nke oghere dị n'ime afọ, nke a na-ahụ anya na okwute dị ka otu ọhụụ ma ọ bụ nke nwere agba dị okirikiri,
ultrasonography iji chọpụta ọnọdụ gland, kpọmkwem nsonata okwute,
MRI na CT nyocha nke pancreas,
retrograde cholangiopancreatography iji chọpụta ihe mgbochi duct.

Ọrịa gastroenterologist na-ebu ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa na-eme ọria. Icszọ nke usoro ọgwụgwọ na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkume, usoro ha na nha ha. N'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ahụ, ọgwụgwọ a malitere site na usoro nchekwa - na-ebelata mbufụt, ịkwụsị imegharị ahụ na akwara, yana ịtọpụta usoro metabolic. Edebere enzymes ndị ọrịa (pancreatin), dibịa na-ahụ maka ịga na-ahọpụta ụbọchị kwa ụbọchị. Site na ịdị irè nke ọgwụgwọ nchekwa, ị nwere ike ịme na-enweghị ịwa ahụ - a na-emebi obere okwute ma jiri aka na-apụ apụ na akwara.

N'ihu otutu okwute volumetric na ogwugwo ọgwụ na-enweghi isi, a na-egosi ịwa ahụ.Ihe ngosi ndi ozo maka ogwugwo ogwu bu:

ọrịa ruo ogologo oge nke ọrịa na ọgụ ugboro ugboro,
ọnya na-aga n'ihu,
ihe mgbu nke a na-agaghị akwụsị akwụsị,
usoro mkpali ukwu
ọnọdụ dị njọ na ọnọdụ onye ọrịa, mmepe nke dystrophy.

N'ime usoro ịwa ahụ ọhụụ, mgbe ha na-ewepụ nkume, ha na-ejikarị:

endoscopic mwepụ nke usoro ọrịa site na iji endoscope na-agbanwe agbanwe,
laparotomy - mwepu nke akwara site na obere mbe na mgbidi abdominal ma ọ bụ mpaghara lumbar,
pancreatotomy - mmesa nke duct akpọchiri na mmịpụta nke okwute,
uzo uzo - ihe omuma nke ihe emere ka oria a na eweghari aru dika ihe na - adighi nma.
ngụkọta nke pancreatectomy - mwepu nke pancreas na akụkụ akụkụ nke duodenum, a na-eji usoro ahụ maka ịba ụba calcification anụ ahụ.

N'oge mmalite nke ọrịa ahụ, ha na-anwa iji ụzọ ndị na-abụghị nke ịwa ahụ dabere na ndagwurugwu na ntinye nke ntụ ntụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ site na eriri afọ. Usoro ọgwụ ndị a gụnyere:

sistemụ mkpuma jijiji dịpụrụ adịpụ - usoro dabere na ịzọpịa okwute n'ime ntụ ntụ site na ebili mmiri na-ada ụda ugboro ugboro, usoro ahụ na-egbu mgbu ma na-achọ mgbatị oge niile, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, hematomas nwere ike ịnọrọ na afọ,
retrograde cholangiopancreatography - a na-eme ngbchapu site na iji endoscope na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-ewepụ mbupụ nke calculi site na mbugharị sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ wepụta ya site na endoscope.

Mgbe iwepuchara okwute, ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọrịa soro usoro nri. Nri a chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ pịarịa anụ ahụ na igbochi mkpọchi ahụ n'ime akwara ndị ahụ. Ndụmọdụ ndị na-edozi ahụ:

Iribiga nri ókè anabataghị ya, nnukwu nri buru ibu na-ebute oke ibu na gland na mkpali nke zoro ezo.
ịhapụ mmanya zuru oke - mmanya na - aba n'anya na ọnye ọ bụla na - akpata ọria mamịrị ma nwee ike ibute nsị nke parinhema,
nnabata na usoro dị iche iche oriri - oriri nke protein na carbohydrate nri iche iche ga-enyere aka ikwado usoro nke insimilation,
rube isi na usoro izugbe ahụike siri ike - iju abụba na shuga, ihe ọ carbonụ carbonụ carbonated na kọfị, ihe ndabere nke nri nke ndị ọrịa na-a pancụ ara bụ nri akwụkwọ nri, ọka, ofe ọkụ, anụ na-esighị ike.

Prognosis nke pancreolithiasis na-adabere n'ịdị ogo nke pathology na ọnụnọ nke nsogbu nke pathologies concomitant pathologies. N'ụzọ bụ isi, na iwepu okwute n'oge a na oge iji họpụta ọgwụgwọ nnọchi, prognosis ahụ dị mma. Na 80-85% nke ikpe nke ịwa ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume nweta nnweta na-adịghị mma n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Naanị pasent 2% nke ịwa ahụ bụ nsonaazụ na-egbu egbu.

Enweghị usoro ọ bụla akọwapụtara iji gbochie mmepe nke ọrịa ahụ. O kwere omume belata ihe egwu nke imebe okwute n’ime akwara site n’isosi nri ike, kwusi ise anwuru na mmanya. Ndị nwere ọrịa mgbochi ọrịa na eriri afọ kwesịrị ịkpọtụrụ dọkịta na usoro oge maka ihe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma nke afo, duodenum, imeju na pancreas.

Chọta okwute na-achọ ka emee ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ọrịa ahụ, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite ọrịa etuto ahụ na pancreas. Wa ahụ nwere ike iwepụ ọrịa na obere oge. Ka osi di, mgbe ewepuchara okwute ndia, odi nkpa igbaso ntuziaka ogwu ma dikwa ndu ohuru - ya mere nsogbu nke ilaghachi gha di obere.

Rumyantseva T. Oriri na-edozi ahụ maka ndị ọrịa mamịrị. SPb., Ralọ Mbipụta Litera, 1998, peeji 383, mkpụrụ 15,000.
Gordon, N. Ọrịa shuga na mmega ahụ / N. Gordon. - M.: Akwụkwọ akụkọ Olympic, 1999. - 144 p.
Zakharov Yu.L. Ọria mamiri - site n’okwute ya rue olile anya. Moscow, uzalọ Mbipụta Yauza, peeji 2000, peeji 220, mkpụrụ 10,000.

Ka m kọwaa onwe m. Aha m bụ Elena. Anọwo m na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkà mmụta endocrinologist ruo ihe karịrị afọ 10. Ekwenyere m na abụ m ọkachamara n'ọhịa m ugbu a, m chọrọ inyere ndị ọbịa niile nọ na saịtị ahụ aka idozi ihe dị mgbagwoju anya ọ bụghị ọrụ. A na-achịkọta ihe niile dị na saịtị ahụ ma jiri nlezianya hazie iji kọọ ozi niile dị mkpa. Tupu itinye ihe akọwara na weebụsaịtị, ndụmọdụ mmetụtara na ndị ọkachamara dị mkpa mgbe niile.