Homonụ nke anụ ahụ

Ọ bụ polypeptide nke nwere agbụ abụọ A na B, ejikọtara n’etiti

na-akụda àkwà mmiri, na insulin 51 amino acids na MM 5.7 D.

A na - akpụkọta ya n’ime sel nke pancreas n’ụdị proinsulin, n’ụdị a

a na - etinye ya na nsogbu dị na nzuzo ma ọ bụrụ na - emepụtakarị insulin na C - peptide.

Mee njikọta na itinye nzuzo:

• glucose ọbara, ihe ndozi maka nnabata insulin bụ 5.5 mmol / l,

• abụba abụba na amino acids,

• homonụ nke GIT: cholecystokinin, secretin, gastrin, enteroglucagon, eriri afọ

• ikpughe na-adịghị ala ala na uto uto, glucocorticoids, estrogens, pro

Mgbe kechara insulin na onye nnabata, ngalaba enzymatic na-arụ ọrụ

onye nnata. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ọrụ tyrosine kinase, ọ na-enwe ike

• mmegharị nke glycolysis na glycogenogenesis

• mmụba bara ụba nke TAG na VLDL

• na-akpali ntụgharị glucose na sel

• na-akwalite ụgbọ njem amino acids na-anọpụ iche na akwara

• na-akpali ntụgharị, ntụgharị njikọta ribosomal

• na-akpali ntụgharị glucose na sel

• na - eme ka ihe eji eme ihe (lipoprotein lipase synthesis)

• na-ebelata ọrụ nke lipase intracellular

P A T O L O G I

Ọgwụ insulin na-adabere na ọrịa shuga mellitus na-abụghị insulin

GL Y K A G O N

Ọ bụ polypeptide nke nwere amino asịd iri abụọ na asaa nwere otu olu

na-eri 3485 Ee na ọkara ndụ nke 3-6 nkeji.

A na-eme ya niime sel nke pancreas na sel nke obere eriri afọ.

Belata njikọta glucose.

• Ọrụ nke gluconeogenesis na glycogenolysis

Na-abawanye ọrụ intracellular homonụ TAG-lipase.

Pancreas, homonụ ya na ihe mgbaàmà ya

Pancreas - igwe nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na usoro diges, oke ya bụ 60-100 g, ogologo ya bụ 15-22 cm.

A na-arụ ọrụ endocrine nke pancreas n'agwaetiti Langerhans, nke nwere ụdị sel dị iche iche. Ihe dị ka 60% nke ngwa ntụpọ islet bụ β-sel. Ha na-emepụta homonụ insulin, nke na-emetụta ụdị metabolism niile, mana na --ebelata glucose plasma.

Isiokwu. Homonụ nke anụ ahụ

Insulin (polypeptide) bụ protein izizi e mepụtara n'anụ ahụ na 1921 site Baileys na Banti.

Insulin na-eme ka akpụkpọ anụ ahụ ike n’arụ na abụba ike maka glucose. Site na nke a, ọnụego mgbanwe nke glucose n'ime sel ndị a na-abawanye ihe dị ka ugboro 20 ma e jiri ya gbanwee ntụgharị nke glucose na mkpụrụ ndụ na - enweghị insulin. N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ akwara, insulin na-akwalite njikọ nke glycogen site na glucose, yana n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ abụba - abụba. Site na mmetụta nke insulin, ikike nke membrane sel na-abawanye maka amino asịd nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-agbanye n'ime protein.

Fig. Ihe ndị bụ isi homonụ na-emetụta glucose ọbara

Hormone nke abụọ glucagon - nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke agwaetiti ndị zoro ezo (ihe dị ka 20%). Glucagon bụ polypeptide site n'ụdị kemịkalụ ya, yana ọgwụ insulin na-emegide ya na nsonaazụ physiological. Glucagon na-akwalite nkwụsị nke glycogen na imeju ma na-eme ka ọkwa glucose na plasma ọbara. Glucagon na-enyere aka ịchịkọta abụba sitere na dekers abụba. Ọtụtụ homonụ na-arụ ọrụ dịka glucagon: STH, glucocorticond, adrenaline, thyroxine.

Isiokwu. Isi mmetụta insulin na glucagon

Exchangedị mgbanwe

Insulin

Glucagon

Na-abawanye ike nke membranes cell maka glucose yana ojiji (glycolysis)

Na-akpali njikọ glycogen

Lowers glucose ọbara

Na-akpali mkpali glycogenolysis na gluconeogenesis

Ọ nwere utịpị ihe dị na ya

Na-eme ka glucose ọbara dị

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ketone dị na ọbara na-ebelata

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ketone dị na ọbara na-abawanye

Ihe nke ato na ato uto nke pancreas bu somatostatin Mkpụrụ ndụ 5 zoro ezo (ihe dị ka 1-2%). Somatostatin na-egbochi iwepu glucagon na ịmịnye glucose eriri afọ.

Hyper- na hypofunction nke pancreas

Mgbe hypofunction nke pancreas pụtara ọrịa shuga mellitus. Ejiri mara ya n'ọtụtụ mgbaama, ihe omume metụtara ya na mmụba nke shuga ọbara - hyperglycemia. Mmụba glucose dị n'ọbara, ma yabụ na nchịkọta ụwa, na-eduga n'eziokwu ahụ na renal tubule epithelium anaghị enweta glucose kpamkpam, ya mere apụrụ ya na mmamịrị (glucosuria). Enwere shuga na mmamịrị na mmamịrị - mmamịrị shuga.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmamịrị mụbara (polyuria) site na 3 ruo 12, na n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ruru 25 lita. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na glucose na-achịkwaghị achịkwa na-eme ka mmụba osmotic na mmụba, nke na-ejide mmiri n'ime ya. Mmiri anaghị enweta mmiri nke ọma site na tubules, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmamịrị nke akụrụ na-ewepụta amụba. Ibe mmiri na - eme ka akpịrị na-akpọ ndị ọrịa shuga mmiri, nke na-eduga n’inweta mmiri (ihe dịka 10 l). Na njikọ aka na glucose na mmamịrị, mmefu nke protein na abụba dị ka ihe ndị na-ahụ na ume ọrụ nke ahu na-abawanye nke ukwuu.

Ime ka ike gwụ glucose nke glucose na-eduga n'ọkpụkpụ metabolism nke abụba. A na-emepụta ngwaahịa nke ezughị ezu nke abụba - aru ​​nke ketone, nke na-eduga n'ịgbanwe ọbara n'akụkụ acid - acidosis. Nchịkọta nke ozu ketone na acidosis nwere ike ibute ọnọdụ dị egwu ma na - egbu ya - ọrịa mamịrị, nke na-ebilite na mwepụ nke mmụọ, iku ume yana ọbara ọgbụgba.

Ọrịa pancreatic bụ ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ulinmịnye insulin n’ọbara na-eme ka okpukpu shuga dị na ya pụta - hypoglycemianke ahụ nwere ike ibute enweghị mmụọ - hypoglycemic coma. Nke a bụ n'ihi na sistemụ akwara na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ụkọ glucose. Iwebata glucose na-ewepu ihe ịtụnanya ndị a niile.

Usoro ọrụ ọrụ akwara ahụ. Ejiri usoro nzaghachi insulin na-edozi site na usoro nzaghachi na-adịghị mma nke dabere na ntinye glucose na plasma ọbara. Mmụba glucose ọbara na-amụba na-emepụta insulin, ebe hypoglycemia, inwe insulin, n'ụzọ megidere, a na-egbochi. Mmepụta insulin nwere ike ịbawanye site na mkpalite akwara ahụ.

Ọkpụkpọ Pancreatic endocrine

Pancreas (ịdị arọ okenye 70-80 g) nwere ọrụ agwakọ. Akpukpo aru nke gland na-ewepụta mmiri nri, nke a na-abanye na lumen nke duodenum. A na-arụ ọrụ endocrine na pancreas site na ụyọkọ (site na 0,5 ruo nde abụọ) nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke epithelial sitere, nke a na-akpọ agwaetiti nke Langerhans (Pirogov-Langerhans) ma mejupụtara 1-2% nke oke ya.

Usoro Paracrine nke sel islet Langerhans

Enwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ sel endocrine na agwaetiti:

• a-mkpụrụ ndụ (ihe dị ka 20%) na-akpụ glucagon,
• β-mkpụrụ ndụ (65-80%), na - arụ ọrụ insulin.
• δ-mkpụrụ ndụ (2-8%) na-arụ ọrụ somatostatin,
• Mkpụrụ ndụ PP (ihe na-erughị 1%) na-amịpụta ọgwụ pensụl.

Childrenmụaka nwere obere mkpụrụ ndụ (G-sel) nke na-emepụta eriri afọ. Ihe ndị bụ isi homonụ a na-ahụ maka usoro metabolism bụ insulin na glucagon.

Insulin - polypeptide nke nwere ihe olu abali abuo (silinda nwere ihe ndi ozo amino acid 21 na uzo nke amino acid 30) jikọtara ọnụ site na ndagide. Site na ọbara ka a na-ebugharị insulin na steeti na-akwụghị ụgwọ ma ọdịnaya ya bụ 16-160 mkU / ml (0.25-2.5 ng / ml). Kwa ụbọchị (mkpụrụ ndụ 3 nke onye ahụ toro eto na-emepụta insulin 35-50 nke insulin (ihe dị ka nkeji 0.6-1.2 / n'arọ nke ahụ).

Isiokwu. Usoro nke glucose na-abanye na sel

Ofdị akwa

Usoro ahụ

A chọrọ protein protein nke GLUT-4 maka ikuku glucose na akpụkpọ ahụ

N'okpuru ike nke insulin, protein a na-esite na cytoplasm gaa membrane plasma na glucose na-abanye na sel site na mgbasa mgbasa.

Ntinye ume na insulin na-eduga n'ịbawanye ụba nke glucose na-eme ka ịbawanye n'ime ụlọnga site na ihe dịka 20-40 Ọkpụkpụ nke glucose na akwara na anụ ahụ adipose na-adabere na insulin.

Ngwurugwu ndi mmadu na-ebugharị glucose dị iche iche (GLUT-1, 2, 3, 5, 7) dị na sel ahụ, nke na-abanye n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị insulin.

N'iji protein ndị a, site na mgbasa mgbasa, na-eme ka glucose na-abanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na akara nchịkwa

Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-abụghị insulin na-agụnye: ụbụrụ, epithelium eriri afọ, endothelium, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara, oghere, p-sel nke agwaetiti nke Langerhans, medulla nke akụrụ, seminal vesicles

Ihe nzuzo insulin

A na - ekewa mkpuchi insulin n'ime basal, na - enwe ọgbụgba gburugburu, yana nri na-akpali.

Ihe nzuzo basal na-enye oke glucose dị n’ọbara na usoro anabolic n’ahụ n’ime oge ụra na oge n’etiti nri. Ọ bụ ihe dịka U / h ma ihe ruru 30-50% nke nzuzo insulin kwa ụbọchị. A na-ebelata ihe nzuzo basal na mmega ahụ ogologo oge ma ọ bụ agụụ.

Ihe nzuzo na-akpali nri bụ mmụba na insulin insulin na-akpata n'ihi nri. Olu ya bụ 50-70% kwa ụbọchị. Ihe nzuzo a na - eme ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ glucose dị n'ọbara n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke inweta ihe ndị ọzọ site na eriri afọ, ọ na-emekwa ka o kwe omume inweta mkpụrụ ndụ nke ọma. Ogo nke nzuzo na-adabere na oge ụbọchị, nwere ọdịdị abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ insulin na-abanye n'ime ọbara dị ka ọnụọgụ nke carbohydrates weere ma bụrụ 1-2.5 insulin nke insulin nke ọ bụla 10-12 g nke ụtụtụ (n'ụtụtụ 2-2.5 nkeji, n'ehihie - 1-1.5 nkeji, na mgbede - ihe dị ka 1) ) Otu n'ime ihe kpatara mgbakwunye nke insulin insulin n'oge ụbọchị bụ ọkwa dị elu n'ọbara nke homonụ na-efe efe (nke bụ isi cortisol) n'ụtụtụ na mbelata mgbede ya.

Fig. Usoro nke insulin insulin

Usoro izizi nke insulin na-akpali akpali adịghị adịte aka ma ọ bụ na - ejikọ sel sel nke hormone agwakọtara n'etiti nri. Ọ bụ n'ihi mmetụta na-akpali akpali nke mkpụrụ ndụ β-erughi glucose dị ukwuu dị ka nke homonụ nke eriri afọ - gastrin, enteroglucagon, glycine, glucagon dị ka peptide 1, zoro n'ime ọbara n'oge oriri na nri. Ihe nke abụọ insulin na-akpata bụ site n’omume insulin na-ata ahụhụ n’ebe mkpụrụ ndụ p nọ site na glucose n’onwe ya, ọkwa nke ọbara na-agbago n’ihi mmụba. Ihe omume a na ịba ụba nke insulin na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ọkwa glucose ruru ihe dịịrị onye enyere, i.e. 3.33-5.55 mmol / L n'ọbara venous na 4.44-6.67 mmol / L n'ọbara.

Insulin na-arụ ọrụ n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a lekwasịrị anya site n’itinye ndị na-anabata ọgwụ 1-TMS n’ọrụ tyrosine kinase. Isi ihe dị na mkpụrụ ndụ insulin bụ maka hepatocytes nke imeju, akwara muscle myocytes, adipocytes nke anụ ahụ adipose. Otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị mkpa ya bụ mbelata glucose ọbara; ihe insulin na-enweta site na ịba ụba nke glucose site n'ọbara site na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị chọrọ. A na - eme nke a site na ịgbalite ọrụ nke ndị na - ebugharị glucose transvidencerane (GLUT4), nke agbakwunyere na sel nke plasma nke mkpụrụ ndụ a na - eme, ma na - abawanye ọnụego nke mbufe glucose si n'ọbara.

Metabolized site na insulin 80% n'ime imeju, ndị ọzọ na akụrụ na obere obere akwara na abụba. Ọkara nke ndụ ya na ọbara bụ ihe dịka nkeji anọ.

Isi mmetụta nke insulin

Insulin bụ homonụ na anabolic ma nwee ọtụtụ mmetụta na mkpụrụ ndụ ebumnuche nke akwara dị iche iche. Ekwuputala ya na otu n'ime isi ihe ọ na - akpata - iwetulata ogo nke glucose n'ọbara na - amata site na ịba ụba ya site na mkpụrụ ndụ achọrọ, na - eme ka usoro glycolysis na oxidation nke carbohydrates dị na ha dịkwuo ala. Mkpali nke njikọ glycogen na imeju na akwara site na insulin na-akpali mbelata glucose, na iwepu gluconeogenesis na glycogenolysis na imeju. Insulin na-akpali nnabata nke amino acids site na sel sel, na -ebelata catabolism ma na-akpali njikọ protein n'ime sel. Ọ na - akpali ntụgharị nke glucose na abụba, nchịkọta nke triacylglycerols na adipocytes nke anụ ahụ adipose, na - egbochi lipolysis n'ime ha. Ya mere, insulin nwere mmetụta anabolic zuru oke, na-eme ka njikọ nke carbohydrates, abụba, protein na nucleic acid dị na mkpụrụ ndụ lekwasịrị anya.

Insulin nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta ndị ọzọ na mkpụrụ ndụ, nke kewara gaa n'ìgwè atọ dabere na ngosipụta ọsọ. Mmetụta ngwa ngwa chọpụtara na sekọnd mgbe njikọta homonụ na onye nnata, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpokọ glucose, amino acid, na potassium site na mkpụrụ ndụ. Mmetụta nwayọọ ekpughere n'ime nkeji oge mmalite nke mmemme nke homonụ - igbochi ọrụ protein enzymes catabolism, ịgbalite njikọta protein. Mmetụta gbadara agbada insulin na-amalite awa mgbe o jikọsịrị ya na ndị na - anabata ya - ntụgharị nke DNA, ntụgharị mRNA, mkpụrụ ndụ na-amụba ngwa ngwa.

Fig. Usoro nke insulin

Ihe bụ isi na - achịkwa mmiri nzuzo nke insulin bụ glucose. Mmụba nke ọdịnaya ya na ọbara ruo n'ọkwa dị elu karịa 4.5 mmol / L yana mmụba nke nzuzo insulin site na usoro ndị a.

Mgbanye glucose → mebere mgbasa nke protein GLUT2 n'ime β-cell → glycolysis na ATP → mmechi nke ụzọ potassium na-emetụta ATP → na-egbu oge, mkpokọta nke K + ion na sel na mkpochapụ nke membrane → mmeghe nke ọdụdụ ndị na-enye ike na-agbanye na calcium na Ca 2 ion + n'ime sel nke Ca2 + ion na cytoplasm na ụba insocytosis insulin. A na-akpali nzuzo nke insulin n'otu ụzọ ahụ na mmụba na ọkwa ọbara nke galactose, mannose, β-keto acid, arginine, leucine, alanine na lysine.

Fig. Usoro nchịkwa insulin

Hyperkalemia, ọgwụ sulfonylurea (ọgwụ maka ịgwọ ụdị ọrịa shuga 2), site na igbochi ụzọ potassium nke mkpụrụ ndụ plasma nke mkpụrụ ndụ,, na-abawanye ọrụ nzuzo ha. Dịkwuo nzuzo insulin: gastrin, nzuzo, enteroglucagon, glycine, glucagon dị ka peptide 1, cortisol, homonụ na-eto, ACTH. A na-achọpụta mmụba nke insulin insulin site na acetylcholine site na mmegharị nke ngalaba parasympathetic nke ANS.

A na - ahụta mgbochi nke insulin insulin na hypoglycemia, n'okpuru nduzi nke somatostatin, glucagon. Catecholamines nke ewepụtara site na ịbawanye ọrụ nke SNS nwere mmetụta inhibitory.

Glucagon - peptide (nsị amino acid 29) mepụtara site na-sel nke ngwa ntụpọ islet nke pancreas. Ọ bụ ọbara na-ebugharị ya na steeti efu, ebe ọdịnaya ya dị 40-150 pg / ml. Ọ na-egosipụta nsonaazụ ya na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-ele anya, na-akpali ndị na-anabata 7-TMS ma na-abawanye ọkwa nke cAMP na ha. Ọkara ọkara nke homonụ a bụ nkeji 5-10.

Ọrụ dị na glucogon:

• Na-akpali mkpụrụ ndụ β-sel nke agwaetiti nke Langerhans, na-eme ka mmiri ọgwụ insulin na-aba ụba
• Na-arụ ọrụ insulinase imeju
• Ọ nwere mmetụta na - emegide mmụọ nke metabolism.

Ihe eserese nke sistemu na-arụ ọrụ na-akwado ezigbo ọkwa glucose ọbara maka metabolism

Isi mmetụta nke glucagon n'ime ahụ

Glucagon bụ homonụ catabolic na ọgwụ mgbochi insulin. N’adịghị ka insulin, ọ na-abawanye glucose ọbara site na ịkwalite glycogenolysis, na-ebelata glycolysis, na-akpali gluconeogenesis na hepatocytes imeju.Glucagon na-eme ka lipolysis, na-eme ka ịba ụba nke abụba sitere na cytoplasm n'ime mitochondria maka β-oxidation na nguzobe ahụ ketone. Glucagon na - akpali protein catabolism na anụ ahụ ma na - emewanye urea synthesis.

A na-eme ka nzuzo glucose na hypoglycemia, mbelata nke ọkwa amino acid, gastrin, cholecystokinin, cortisol, na homonụ na-eto. A na-achọpụta nzuzo na-arịwanye elu na ọrụ SNS na mkpali nke β-AR na catecholamines. Nke a na - ewere ọnọdụ na mgbatị anụ ahụ, agụụ.

A na-egbochi nzuzo nke glucose na hyperglycemia, oke abụba na ahụ ketone n'ime ọbara, yana n'okpuru mmetụta nke insulin, somatostatin na nzuzo.

Pancreatic endocrine dysfunction nwere ike ime n'ụdị izoputa homonụ nke ezughi oke ma ọ bụ nke buru oke ibu ma na-eduga na mmebi iwu nke glucose homeostasis - mmepe nke hyper- ma ọ bụ hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia - nke a bụ mmụba na glucose ọbara. Ọ nwere ike bụrụ nnukwu ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala.

Ọrịa hyperglycemia ọ na - abụkarị physioloji, maka na ọ na - ebute glucose na - ebute ọbara mgbe ị risịrị nri. Ogologo oge ya anaghị agafe awa 1-2 n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na hyperglycemia na-egbochi ihe glucagon ma na-akpali mmụba nke insulin. Site na mmụba nke glucose ọbara dị elu karịa 10 mmol / l, ọ na-amalite ịpụpụ na mmamịrị. Ọrịa glucose bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke osmotically, na ngafe ya na-abawanye na mmụba osmotic ọbara, nke nwere ike ibute akpịrị nke sel, mmepe nke osmotic diuresis na ọnwụ electrolytes.

Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, na nke mgbakwunye glucose n'ọbara na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ awa, ụbọchị, izu ma ọ bụ karịa, ọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ anụ ahụ (karịchaa akwara ọbara) ya mere a na-ewere ya dịka ọnọdụ pre-pathological na (ma ọ bụ) pathological ọnọdụ. Ọ bụ akara e ji mara otu ọrịa ọrịa metabolic na dysfunctions endocrine.

Otu n'ime ihe ndị kachasị ewu ewu na nke siri ike n'etiti ha bụ ọrịa shuga mellitus (DM), nke na-emetụta 5-6% nke ndị bi. N'ime mba ndị mepụtara akụ na ụba, ọnụọgụ ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga okpukpu abụọ kwa afọ 10-15. Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa shuga ebilite n'ihi imebi insulin insulin na-egbochi site na mkpụrụ ndụ-mkpụrụ ndụ, mgbe ahụ, a na-akpọ ya ụdị shuga 1 - mellitus - ọrịa shuga-1. Ọrịa ahụ nwekwara ike ịmalite site na mbelata nke arụ ọrụ insulin na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị mepere emepe, a na-akpọkwa ya ụdị shuga 2 - mellitus - SD-2. N'otu oge ahụ, ahụ ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ nke insulin na-ebelata, nke enwere ike ijikọ ya na imebi ọrụ nzuzo nke mkpụrụ ndụ p (ọnwụ nke usoro 1 nke ihe oriri).

Hyperglycemia (mmụba nke ibu glucose ọbara ọbara na-ebu ọnụ karịa 5.55 mmol / L) bụ akara a na-ahụkarị maka ụdị shuga 1 na ụdị shuga 2. Mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara ruru 10 mmol / L ma ọ bụ karịa, glucose na-apụta na mmamịrị. Ọ na - eme mmụba osmotic na olu nke mmamịrị ikpeazụ ma nke a na - eso polyuria na - eso ya (mmụba na ugboro ugboro na oke nke mmamịrị ahụ ewepụtara ruo 4-6 l / ụbọchị). Onye ọrịa a na-akpọ nkụ na mmụba mmiri (polydipsia) n'ihi mmụba osmotic ọbara na mmamịrị. Hyperglycemia (karịsịa nwere DM-1) na-esokarị na nchịkọta nke ngwaahịa nke oxidation na-ezughị ezu nke ọdụdụ - hydroxybutyric na acetoacetic acid (ahụ ketone), nke gosipụtara site na njirimara nke isi nke ikuku ikuku ma ọ bụ (ma ọ bụ) mmamịrị, mmepe nke acidosis. N'okwu ndị dị oke njọ, nke a nwere ike ibute sistemụ na - eme ka imeju nke akpịrị dị ọcha na - ebute nsụhọ na ọnwụ nke anụ ahụ.

Ọbara insulin gabigara ókè (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge ọgwụ insulin dochie anya ma ọ bụ kwalite nzuzo ya na nkwadebe sulfanylurea) na-eduga na hypoglycemia. Ihe ọghọm ya dị n'eziokwu ahụ bụ glucose na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike maka mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ na, mgbe a na-agbada ma ọ bụ na-anọghị ya, ụbụrụ na-ama jijiji n'ihi ọrụ adịghị mma, mmebi na (ma ọ bụ ọnwụ nke neurons). Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucose dị ala wedetagoro ogologo oge, mgbe ahụ ọnwụ nwere ike ịdapụta. Ya mere, hypoglycemia nwere mbelata ọbara mgbali elu na-erughị 2.2-2.8 mmol / l) dị ka ọnọdụ nke dọkịta nke ọpụrụiche ọ bụla kwesịrị inye onye ọrịa enyemaka mbụ.

A na - ekekarị hypoglycemia n'ime mmeghachi omume, nke na - apụta mgbe erichara nri na afọ efu. Ihe kpatara hypoglycemia bụ mmanu insulin na-ebuwanye ibu mgbe erimeri ya na nnabata nke shuga (fructose ma ọ bụ galactose) ma ọ bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe nke amino acid leucine, yana ndị ọrịa nwere insulinoma (akpụ β-cell). Ihe ndị na - akpata hypoglycemia na - ebu ọnụ nwere ike ịbụ - enweghị nke usoro nke glycogenolysis na (ma ọ bụ) gluconeogenesis na imeju na akụrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na - enwe obere mkpụkọ homonụ nke mgbochi: glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol), ị excessiveụbiga glucose ókè site na akwara, oke insulin overgo, wdg.

Hypoglycemia na-egosipụta onwe ya ụzọ abụọ nke ihe ịrịba ama. Ọnọdụ hypoglycemia bụ ihe na-echegbu ahụ, na nzaghachi nke mmepe nke sistemụ ọmịiko na-abawanye, ọkwa catecholamines dị n'ọbara na-abawanye, nke na-akpata tachycardia, mydriasis, ịma jijiji, ọsụsọ oyi, ọgbụgbọ, na mmetụta nke agụụ agụụ. Ebumnuche physiological nke rụọ ọrụ hypoglycemia nke sisitemu na-eme ka usoro nke neuroendocrine nke catecholamines rụọ ọrụ ngwa ngwa ịchịkọta glucose n'ime ọbara ma nyekwa ọkwa ya. Ìgwè nke abụọ nke ihe ịrịba ama nke hypoglycemia nwere njikọ na nsị nke usoro ụjọ ahụ. A na-egosipụta ha n’ime mmadụ site na nlebara anya na ntanetị, mmepe nke isi ọwụwa, mmetụta nke ụjọ, nchegharị, mmụọ na-adịghị mma, nkwarụ, ahụ mkpọnwụ oge, coma. Mmepe ha bụ n'ihi enweghị ume ọrụ dị na neurons nke na-enweghị ike inweta ATP zuru ezu ma ọ bụrụ na glucose adịghị. Neurons enweghị usoro maka ichekwa glucose n'ụdị glycogen, dị ka hepatocytes ma ọ bụ myocytes.

Dọkịta (gụnyere dọkịta ezé) kwesịrị ịdị njikere maka ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ ma nwee ike ibute ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga ọrịa hypoglycemia mbụ. Tupu ịga n'ihu na ọgwụgwọ eze, ọ dị mkpa ịchọpụta ọrịa ndị ọrịa na-arịa. Ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere ọrịa shuga, a ga-ajụrịrị onye ọrịa ahụ ụdị nri ọ ga-eri, ọgwụ insulin ji ya na ụdị ọrụ ọ na-emebu. Ekwesịrị icheta na nrụgide a na-enwe n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ bụ ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke ịmalite hypoglycemia n'ime onye ọrịa. Ya mere, dọkịta ezé ga-enwerịrị ụdị ụdị shuga dị njikere - ngwugwu shuga, ụtọ, ihe ọ juiceụ sweetụ dị ụtọ ma ọ bụ tii. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ gosipụtara ihe ịrịba ama nke hypoglycemia, ị ga-akwụsị usoro ọgwụgwọ ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ maara, nye ya shuga n'ụdị ọ bụla site n'ọnụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ onye ọrịa ahụ kara njọ, a ga-eme ihe ozugbo iji nye nlekọta ahụike dị mma.

Ọrụ nke glucagon n'ime ahụ, usoro nke ime ihe

Brainbụrụ, eriri afọ, akụrụ, na umeji bụ ndị na - eri glucose. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, sistemụ akwara na-ata gram 4 n'ime glucose na 1 awa. Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe ọkwa ya mgbe niile.

Glycogen - ihe a na-echekwa kachasị na imeju, nke a bụ ihe edobere 200 gram. Site na adịghị ike glucose ma ọ bụ mgbe achọrọ ike ọzọ (mmega ahụ, ịgba ọsọ), glycogen na-akụda, jiri glucose na-emeju ọbara.

Ihe nchekwa a ezuru ihe dị ka nkeji iri anọ. Ya mere, n’egwuregwu, a na-ekwukarị na abụba na-anyụ nsị naanị mgbe ọzụzụ ọkara, mgbe ike niile dị n’ụdị glucose na glycogen.

A na - eme ka ekpomeekpo nke gland na - enweta mmiri n’ime ya, nke a na - abanye n’ime duodenum 12 ma na - egbochi ọtụtụ homonụ, ya mere akwara ya na - arụ ọrụ ọfụma. Mkpụrụ ndụ Alfa na-arụ ọrụ glucagon n'ime agwaetiti Langerhans. Enwere ike imeghari ihe a site na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ nke akụkụ nke eriri afọ.

Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpalite nzuzo nke homonụ:

1. Mbelata ịbawanye ume gululu ka onodu uda dị ala.
2. Ọkwa insulin.
3. Mmụba na ọkwa ọbara nke amino acid (karịchaa, alanine na arginine).
4. Mmega ahụ karịrị akarị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge ọzụzụ dị ike ma ọ bụ oke).

A na-ejikọta ọrụ Glucagon na usoro biochemical na physioloji ndị ọzọ dị mkpa:

• Mmụba ọbara na akụrụ,
• ịnọgide na-enwe ezigbo elektrọnik ọnụ site na ịbawanye ụba nke sodium excretion, nke na-eme ka ọrụ nke sistem na akwara ahụ ike dịkwuo mma.
• mweghachi nke akwara anụ ahụ,
• rụọ ọrụ nke insulin cellular,
• abawanye na kalsel na sel.

N'ọnọdụ nrụgide, yana ihe egwu na ndụ na ahụike, yana adrenaline, a na-egosipụta mmetụta physiological nke glucagon. Ọ na-agbari glycogen, si otú a na-abawanye glucosena-eme ka nnweta oxygen na-enye akwara ike. Iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi shuga, glucagon na-arụ ọrụ na cortisol na somatotropin.

Ọkwa dị elu

Mmụba glucagon na-abawanye na-emetụta hyperfunction pancreatic, nke a na-akpata site na usoro ndị a:

• etuto ahụ n’akụkụ mkpụrụ ndụ alfa (glucagonoma),
• nnukwu usoro mkpali na akwara nke pancreas (pancreatitis),
• mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ imeju (cirrhosis),
• ụkwara akwara na-adịghị ala ala
• ụdị shuga 1
• Ọrịa Cushing.

Ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-akpata nchekasị (gụnyere arụmọrụ, mmerụ ahụ, ọkụ), nnukwu hypoglycemia (ịta ume glucose dị ala), oke nke nri protein na nri na-eme ka mmụba nke ọkwa glucagon, ọrụ nke ọtụtụ sistem.

Obere dị ala

Enweghi ike glucagon pụtara mgbe a wachara ya ahụ (pancreatectomy). Homonụ ahụ bụ ụdị ihe na-akpali akpali iji nweta ihe ndị dị mkpa n’ime ọbara na mmezi nke homeostasis. A na-ahụ ọkwa nke hormone ahụ na cystic fibrosis (usoro ọmụmụ sitere na mmebi nke gland endocrine), yana ọrịa pancreatitis n'ụdị na-adịghị ala ala.

Nyocha - usoro - ka esi ewere

Ọnọdụ mgbe e guzobere glucagon nwere nnukwu nsonaazụ. Ahụ mmadụ na-ejupụta glucose, abụba nke abụba. Ọnọdụ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ abụghị ihe dị ize ndụ, mana mmụba ugboro ugboro na nchịkọta nke hormone na - akpata tachycardia, ọbara mgbali elu, na ọrịa obi ndị ọzọ. Ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite ịrịa ọrịa neoplasms bụ ihe kachasị njọ.

Enweghi glucagon ruo ogologo oge na-eduga n'ịbelata arụmọrụ, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, nsụhọ ọhụhụ, oke nke oke, ihe nhịahụ, adịghị ike, na ọgbụgbọ.

N'ihi na nyocha nke homonụ na-anwale nnwale nke ọbara. Iji nweta nsonaazụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, ịkwesịrị ịkwadebe ya nke ọma:

• Na awa 10-12 tupu ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, zere iri nri.
• Ewezuga insulin, catecholamines na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta arụmọrụ. Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ike ịkagbu nchịkwa ọgwụ ọjọọ, nke a gosipụtara na ntụle nke nyocha.
• Tupu nnwale ọbara, onye ọrịa ahụ kwesịrị dinara ala ma zuo ike ruo nkeji iri atọ.

Omume ọgwụ

Na ọgwụ, a na-eji glucagon sịntetik eme ihe maka ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ na ụdị hypoglycemia siri ike na ọnọdụ pathological metụtara. A na-eji ihe yiri glucagon eme ihe maka ịgwọ ụdị ọrịa shuga 2. Maka ebumnuche nchọpụta, ọgwụ dị n'ọgwụ ọmụmụ nke akụkụ eriri afọ.

Ọ bụ ndị dọkịta ka o nyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọgwụ ndị a na-agwakọta. Usoro ogwu nke glucagon bu nke:

• mmụba nke ịba glucose,
• na -eme ka uru ahụ gwụ,
• mgbanwe na onu ogugu nke okpukpu obi.

Ihe ngosi maka iji ogwu

Ejiri mmetụta nke homonụ na mkpokọta nke glucose na glycogen iji gwọọ ọrịa dị iche iche. Ihe ngosiputa maka iji ogwu a bu ndi a:

• oké hypoglycemia, mgbe enweghị ike inye glucose na ụmụ irighiri mmiri,
• belata ọnụnọ nke eriri afọ n'oge nyocha radieshon,
• ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa uche dịka ọgwụ ụjọ,
• nnukwu diverticulitis (mbufụt nke eriri afọ yana izụpụta ụdị akpa protrusions).
• pathology nke biliary tract,
• iji mee ka akwara dị mma nke eriri afọ dị larịị.

Ihe ngbanwe

A na-egbochi ọgwụ glucagon ọgwụ na ọrịa ụfọdụ:

• hypersensitivity nke mmiri ọgwụ,
• hyperglycemia (nnukwu ịba ọcha nke ọbara n'ime ọbara),
• insulinoma (benign, adịkarịghị njọ n'ihe ọ ,ụ ,ụ, akpụ nke agwaetiti nke Langerhans nke pancreas),
• pheochromocytoma (neoplas nke na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-akpalite oke nzuzo nke catecholamines).

Glucagon ma ọ bụ “homonụ agụụ na-agụ” na-ezochi ọria. Ọ bụ onye na - emegide insulin ma na - ekerechi òkè na-eme ka ọ sugarụ shuga dị n'ọbara. Enweghi ike nke homonụ na - akpata ọrịa dị iche iche.

Mmepụta na ọrụ Glucagon

Glucagon bụ mkpụrụ osisi peptide na-emepụta site n'agwaetiti Langerhans na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Onye nne na nna nke homonụ a bụ preproglucagon.

A na - enwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na njikọ nke glucagon nwere glucose nwetara ahụ site na nri. Ọzọkwa, njikọta nke homonụ na-emetụta ngwaahịa sitere na protein nke mmadụ nwere nri. Ha nwere arginine na alanine, nke na-abawanye ụba nke ihe akọwara na ahụ.

Nmekorita nke glucagon bu ihe aru na mmega ahu. Ibu bukwanu ibu, ka ijikọ homonụ. Ọ na - amalite imepụta nke ọma n’oge ebu ọnụ. Dịka onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa, a na-emepụta ihe ahụ n’oge nrụgide. Mmụba nke adrenaline na ọkwa norepinephrine na-emetụta ọrụ ya.

A na-eji Glucagon emepụta glucose site na amino acids. N'ihi ya, ọ na-enye ahụ mmadụ niile ume arụ ọrụ maka arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ nke glucagon gụnyere:

• mmebi nke glycogen na umeji na akwara, n'ihi nke a na - ahazite ngwaahịa nke glucose na - echebara ọbara, ma na - eje ozi maka metabolism ike.
• mmebi nke lipids (abụba), nke na-edugakwa n'enye ume ahụ,
• Site na nri ndị na-anaghị carbohydrate,
• ime ka akụrụ na-aba ụba nye akụrụ,
• na - ebuli ọbara mgbali elu
• ụba obi
• mmetụta antispasmodic,
• mụbaa n'ime catecholamine ọdịnaya,
• mkpali nke mgbake sel,
• osooso nke usoro nke sodium na site na aru,
• ndọta ndọtị,
• na-abawanye calcium na sel,
• wepu sel insulin.

Okwesiri iburu n'uche na glucagon adighi akwalite mmeputa glucose na akwara, ebe obu na ha enweghi ndi choro ndi choro homonu. Mana ndepụta ahụ gosipụtara na ọrụ ihe dị na ahụ anyị buru oke ibu.

Glucagon na insulin - homonụ na-alụ ọgụ 2. A na - eji insulin emekọta glucose na sel. A na-eji ọdịnaya nwere glucose dị elu mepụta ya, na-edobe ya. Usoro nke glucagon bụ na ọ na - ewepụta glucose n'ahụ sel ma na - eduga ya n'akụkụ anụ ahụ maka metabolism ike. Ekwesịrị iburu n’uche na akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na-enweta glucose n’agbanyeghi na arụ ọrụ insulin na-arụ. Ndị a gụnyere ụbụrụ isi, eriri afọ (akụkụ ya ụfọdụ), umeji na akụrụ ya abụọ.Iji mee ka metabolism shuga dị n’ime ahụ nwee ezi nguzo, a chokwara homonụ ndị ọzọ - nke a bụ cortisol, hormone nke egwu, adrenaline, nke na-emetụta uto nke ọkpụkpụ na anụ ahụ, somatotropin.

Ofkpụrụ nke homonụ na ihe ndị dị na ya

Ọnụego homonụ glucagon na-adabere afọ onye ahụ. N'ime ndị okenye, ndụdụ dị n'etiti obere na elu pere mpe. Tebụl dị ka ndị a:

Mwepu si na ogo nke homonụ nwere ike igosipụta ọrịa a. Gụnyere, mgbe ị na-ekpebi obere ego nke ihe, ihe ndị a ga - ekwe omume:

• Ọria cystic fibrosis nke endocrine glands na akụkụ akụkụ okuku ume,
• ahuhu nke na-egbu ala,
• mbelata nke ọkwa glucagon na-apụta mgbe arụchara ọrụ mwepu ahụ gasịrị.

Ọrụ nke glucagon bụ mkpochapu ụfọdụ ọrịa a dị n'elu. Ọdịnaya dị elu nke ihe na-egosi otu n'ime ọnọdụ:

• ịba ụba glucose n'ihi ụdị ọrịa shuga 1,
• akpụ akpụ,
• nnukwu mbufụt nke pancreas,
• imeju nke imeju (imeju sel na akpụ akpụ),
• imepụta oke glucocorticoids n'ihe metụtara ọgbọ mkpụrụ ndụ akịrị,
• ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala
• imega ahụ gabigara ókè
• nsogbu uche.

N'ihe banyere oke homonụ ma ọ bụ ibelata nke homonụ, dọkịta nyere iwu nyocha ndị ọzọ maka nyocha ọfụma. Iji chọpụta ọkwa glucagon, a na-eme biochemistry ọbara.

Ndị nwere Glucagon

A na-arụ ọrụ nchịkọta Glucagon site na homonụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ, na-eji eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwere ihe a nke ihe yiri ya. A na-ewepụta ọgwụ ahụ n’ụdị mmiri mmiri ka ịgba ntụtụ yana n’ụdị mbadamba maka nchịkwa ọnụ. A na-enye irigesa ma ọ bụ intramuscularly. Edere ọgwụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a:

• ọrịa shuga na-arịa obere shuga
• ọgwụgwọ ọzọ maka ịda mba,
• mkpa igbochi spasm nke eriri afọ,
• ime udo na imezi akwara di nma
• ọrịa nke biliary tract,
• na radieshon nyochaa nke afọ.

Ntụziaka ahụ na-akọwa na usoro ntụtụ a na-elekọta intravenia ma ọ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịgbanye akwara, intramuscularly, bụ 1 ml. Mgbe ogwu ogbugba, a na-abawanye na ọkwa nke homonụ, yana mmụba na ụba nke glucose, ka a na-ahụ mgbe nkeji iri gachara.

Enwere ike iji ọgwụ ahụ gwọọ ụmụaka. Ọ bụrụ na ịdị arọ nwa nwa ahụ erughị kilogram iri abụọ, ogo ya ekwesịghị ịkarị 0,5 ml. Maka ụmụaka ndị ka sie ike, usoro onunu ogwu sitere na 0,5 ruo 1 ml. Ọ bụrụ na mmetụta ọ bụla na nchịkwa ọgwụ ezughi oke, a na-emeghachi ọgwụ ntụtụ ahụ mgbe nkeji iri na abụọ gasịrị. Ọ dị mkpa iji tinye ebe ọzọ.

Enwere ike ịgwọ ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke ọkachamara. Na nkwadebe maka nyocha nke oria, 0.25 mg ka 2 mg nke ọgwụ a na-abanye. Ọgwụ ahụ, dabere n'ọnọdụ onye ọrịa yana ịdị arọ ya, dọkịta na-agbakọ ya. Amachibidoro ya ị takeụ ọgwụ ahụ n'ụdị ọ bụla na-enweghị akwụkwọ ọgwụ.

Ọ bụrụ na eji ọgwụ ahụ maka nlekọta ahụike, mgbe ị ,ụchara ya, ịkwesịrị iri ngwaahịa protein, drinkụọ otu iko tii na-atọ ụtọ ma lakpuo ụra ruo awa 2.

Ọ bụrụ na glucose dị n'okpuru oke, gịnị ka m ga-eme?

Tupu dọkịta abịarute, ị nwere ike iwelie glucose gị site n’iri ụfọdụ nri. Ọ dị mma iri nri mmanụ a 50ụ 50 g, nke nwere fructose na-apụtakarị na ndụ ya. E kwuwerị, ọ bụ naanị fructose artificial na-emerụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na emepụtaghị glucose na glucose n'ụba zuru ezu iji nye anyị glucose, a ga-ewere shuga dị ka nri.

Nyere aka weghachite ike tii na jam. Mgbe oke riri oke ma ọ bụ nsogbu ụjọ, ọ bara uru iji nri calorie siri ike rie nri. Ihe edepụtara ha gụnyere oke mmiri, mkpụrụ osisi, apụl, chiiz, mkpụrụ osisi, mmanụ nri. Uru ga-eweta izu ike n'ime ụlọ ikuku ma na ụra ụra.

Gịnị bụ ihe a

A na-etolite homonụ polypeptide na pancreas n'oge mgbanwe site na preproglucagon. Onye na - emegide ọgwụ insulin dị mkpa iji chịkwaa ọkwa kachasị mma nke glycemia n'ahụ. Igwe homonụ nke peptide nwere amino acid 29.

A na - ejikọ insulin na glucagon: akụkụ nke abụọ na-egbochi ọrụ nke mbụ. Nchịkọta kachasị mma nke ndị na-achịkwa na-egbochi ma mbelata nke ọma na mmụba dị ukwuu n'ọbara glucose n'ọbara. Nlekọta nke onye na - emegide ọgwụ insulin na-eweghachi ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara ngwa ngwa.

Glucagon nwere aha ọzọ - "hormone nke agụụ." Ihe kpatara ya bu mmetuta nke otutu ihe, n’okpuru nke ahu na-egosi enweghi ike. Isi ihe dị mkpa bụ ọbịbịa nke ihe nrịba ama na ụbụrụ banyere mbelata ọkwa glucose iji mee ka nzuzo glucagon dị, n'ihi usoro a, enwere agụụ.

Na-emegide azụ nke arụ ọrụ anụ ahụ siri ike, ọkwa nke homonụ polypeptide na-ebili ugboro ise ma ọ bụ karịa, na mmụba nke mkpokọta nke alanine na arginine (amino acid), ndị na-egosi na-abawanye. N'ime ụmụaka amụrụ nne nwere ọrịa shuga, a na - agbakarị zoro ezo nke onye na - ebuso insulin ọgụ, nke nwere ike iduga ịmalite hypoglycemia nke neonatal.

Gịnị bụ dwarfism pituitary na otu esi lebara enweghị ụkọ homonụ na-eto eto anya? Anyị nwere azịza!

Guo otu esi etinye Siofor ka ihe mmezi maka oria oria abuo n’isiokwu a.

Ọrụ ahụ

Isi ọrụ bụ iji nweta nguzozi nke homonụ pensụl na ọkwa glucose dị mma. Mkpụrụ homonụ polypeptide na - egbochi iruru insulin, na - egbochi mmepe nke hypo- na hyperglycemia.

Ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke glucagon n'ime ahụ:

• akara nke sodium egosi, iwepụ ngafe Chọpụta mmewere, normalization nke ọrụ nke obi na ọbara arịa,
• na-eme ka mmebi nke abụba na-abawanye uru, belata ịdị n'otu nke cholesterol, belata ihe ize ndụ nke atherosclerosis,
• mmetụta na-akpali akpali n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ maka mwepu insulin,
• na-eme ngwangwa mgbake hepatocytes,
• mmegharị nke ọbara na-agbanye na nzacha ndị sitere n'okike. Inye ọbara akụrụ na -emepụta ahụ akụrụ bụ otu n’ime ihe na-akpata mmebi nephron, ịta ahụhụ, nhicha, endocrine na oke ọrụ ahụ.

Hotin polypeptide na-egosipụta mmetụta yiri ya na nsonaazụ nke adrenaline. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị oke njọ, mgbe anụ ahụ na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide, oke ịba ụba nke anụ ahụ, ihe ize ndụ ahụ na-eme ka mkpokọta glucose dịkwuo ntakịrị. Na nsonaazụ - mọzụlụ na - enweta akụrụngwa na ume ọzọ ngwa ngwa maka ime ihe ozugbo megide ụdị nsogbu ike adrenaline siri ike.

Mgbe iji nyochaa

Ihe kachasị egosi bụ ihe iriba ama na-egosi mmepe nke hypoglycemia. N'ọnọdụ ụkọ glucose dị n'ọbara, onye ọrịa ahụ ga-enyocha nyocha nke homonụ nke ọma ka ọ mata etu ọghọm dị na nzuzo nke ndị na - achịkwa ihe dị mkpa siri dị.

Ihe ngosi ndi ozo:

• na-enyo enyo oria shuga
• onye ọrịa na-atụfu ibu n’enweghị ihe kpatara ya
• na ịchoputa usoro akpụ,
• na anya nke migrapi rashes na ahu.

Iwu nkwadebe

Ọ dị mkpa ịgbaso iwu dị mfe:

• n ’ụbọchị tupu ule ahụ eripịa ọtụtụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ, emekwala ọrụ ike, zere nrụgide,
• tupu nyocha maka ụbọchị abụọ, a machibidoro mmanya mmanya,
• ezigbo oge n'etiti ihe oriri na ọbara nyocha bụ site na 8 ruo 10 awa. A jiri shuga dị larịị dị mkpa, ịkwesịrị ịmụrụ ọmụmụ ihe n'egbughị oge iji chọpụta nsonye nke insulin antagonist,
• na enweghị ihe ngosi maka nyocha ihe mberede, ịkwesịrị ịbịa n'ụlọ nyocha ahụ n'ụtụtụ, tupu ị rie nri. Nweghị ike ị drinkụ ihe ọ ,ụ tooụ, ka ịghara ịmalite imeju nke enzymes imeju.

Ebumnuche maka ịdọpụ iche

Mgbanwe nke nzuzo homonụ nke pancreatic na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị oke njọ, ọ bụghị naanị adrenaline, kamakwa ọkwa glucagon na-abawanye. Changekpụrụ na-agbanwe site na nri na-adịghị edozi, oke oriri nke nri protin (ọ na-abụkarị ndị na-eme egwuregwu ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-agbaso ụdị nri ụfọdụ). Enwere ọtụtụ ọrịa na-emetụta oke arụ ọrụ nke pancreas yana usoro homonụ.

Glucagon mụbara

Ngosipụta nke mmiri ọgwụ ahụ riri oke megide ọrịa na ọnọdụ ndị a:

• Ọrịa cancer akpa ume
• ọrịa shuga mellitus
• mmepe nke hypoglycemia,
• Ọrịa Cushing na ọrịa,
• gbasara akwara
• glucagonoma - akpụ nke alfa sel nke agwaetiti nke Langerhans,
• cirrhosis nke imeju
• ọria aru.

Hormone na-abawanye nke ukwuu na oge ịwa ahụ, n'etiti mmerụ ahụ, ọkụ, nrụgide siri ike, na nsogbu uche. Ihe ọzọ bụ iri nri protin.

Etu esi ejikwa arụmọrụ nchịkwa

Ọ dị mkpa ịtụle ihe ndị na-emetụta ihe nzuzo hormone puru iche. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-emebi iwu nke nri, inwe agụụ maka nri protin ma ọ bụ iji protein na-aba ụba n'ọtụtụ akwara, ịkwesịrị idozi nri ahụ. Site na ọkwa glucagon dị ala, ekwesịrị ịbawanye ụba nke protein, yana ọnụego ndị dị oke ala - belata.

Ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara ihe nzuzo nke onye na - egbochi insulin na nsogbu ụbụrụ ma ọ bụ ụjọ ụjọ, ọ dị mkpa ịgbanwe ọrụ ma ọ bụ mezi microclimate n'ime ezinụlọ. Ogologo oge nke glucagon ọkwa na-emerụ ahụ na-emetụta insulin insulin, nke nwere ike ibute oke ma ọ bụ ibelata mgbanye glucose. Ọnọdụ abụọ a (hyper- na hypoglycemia) dị ize ndụ nye ahụ.

Site na iji ihe dị oke mkpa egosi shuga (mbelata nke ukwuu), ọ dị mkpa iwebata afọ analogue nke glucagon homonụ n’oge. Mgbe ogwu nwoke ahụ gasịrị, ọnọdụ onye ọrịa adịzie ngwa ngwa, ọkwa glucose na-alaghachi na nkịtị. Ọ dị mkpa ileba anya na ụkpụrụ shuga dị maka ịgbakọ ọnụ zuru oke nke homonụ nke akwara.

Mgbe ị na-achọpụta ọrịa ndị na-emetụta ogo nke insulin antiagonist, ịkwesịrị ịgwọ ọrịa n'okpuru nduzi nke ọkachamara ọkachamara. N'ime usoro tumor, n'ọtụtụ oge, ọ dị mkpa iji wepu neoplasm. Usoro nje na - enweghị ike ibido usoro n'ime afọ na eriri afọ: mbelata ma ọ bụ mmụba nke mkpokọta ọgwụ insulin nke na plasma ọbara na - akpaghasị usoro nri.

Mgbe ị na-agbake site na nkụ na mmerụ ahụ, ọnụego glucagon ji nwayọọ nwayọọ laghachi na nkịtị. Ọ dị mkpa iji hụ na nrụzigharị uche nke onye ọrịa iji belata ihe mgbaze na ọkwa nke insulin antagonist.

Mụta banyere ihe kpatara cysts nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na maka ọgwụgwọ nke neoplasms.

Edere ọria nke thymus buwanye ibu n’ime ụmụaka yana nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa ahụ na ibe.

Gaa na http://vse-o-gormonah.com/vnutrennaja-sekretsija/shhitovidnaya/oftalmopatiya.html ma gụọ banyere otu esi agwọ ọrịa opochalmopathy endocrine ma gbochie mmepe nke nsogbu dị egwu.

Glucagon sịntetik maka ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa

A na-emepụta ọgwụ hormonal na-adabere n'ihe nke esite na pancreas nke ehi na ezì. N'ime ihe mejupụtara, glucagon nwetara site na anụmanụ ndị a bụ otu ihe mejupụtara ahụ mmadụ. Ọgwụ homonụ bụ ntụtụ.

Site na mbelata dị mkpa na ịta shuga (hypoglycemia), ọnọdụ onye ọrịa na-aka mma mgbe obere oge gasịrị ma ọ bụ nchịkwa intraus nke 1 ml nke glucagon. N'oge nwata, a na-ahapụ ọgwụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'okpuru nlekọta nke endocrinologist. Nhọrọ kacha mma bụ ịkewa ịnwe ọgwụ were ọgwụ were gbasaa abụọ na atọ, etiti oge dị n'etiti injections sitere na minit 10 ruo 15. Rest gụchaa mkpịsị gluu, ịkwesịrị iri ihe ma drinkụọ shayi dị ụtọ, wee zuo ike ruo otu awa na ọkara ruo awa abụọ. Na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa ndị ọzọ, a na-ekpebi usoro onyonye ihe ana-eme glucagon analog nke dọkịta na-aga.

Womenmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ike inye homonụ ahụ nke ọma dịka endocrinologist na-eduzi ma ọ bụrụ na ogo shuga dara na ọkwa dị oke egwu. Ọ dị mkpa ịhọrọ oke onunu ogwu na oge ọgwụgwọ. Site na inye nri nri, a na-enye ọgwụ ahụ naanị na ọnọdụ mberede. N'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ, ọ dị mkpa ka ịhapụ nwa ọhụrụ nwa nwa ruo nwa oge.

A na-eji glucagon sịntetị eme ihe dịka akụkụ nke ọgwụgwọ siri ike nke ọtụtụ ọrịa:

• ọrịa shuga mellitus (ya na mmepe nke hypoglycemia),
• spasms nke afọ na eriri afọ, tinyere nnukwu diverticulitis,
• pathologies Filiks na gallbladder na ducts,
• ọrịa ụbụrụ (dịka akụkụ nke usoro ụjọ).

Thedị glucagon na-eme ihe n’onwe ya na-egosi nsonaazụ dị mma n’usoro nke ịkwadebe ndị ọrịa maka nyocha ngwa ọrụ nke eriri afọ na elu. Ndị dọkịta na-ejikarị homonụ tupu ọgwụ ụbụrụ na radieshon.

Edeghị homonụ sịntetik:

• na mmepe nke hyperglycemia,
• n'ime ụmụaka, ha nwere aru n'okpuru 25 n'arọ,
• ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ nwere akpụ adrenal na - akpụpụta - pheochromocytoma,
• na mmepe nke insulinoma,
• na uche nke nọ n'ọrụ ihe.

Choo ihe ndi ozo banyere glucagon n’aru gi mgbe itiri vidio a: