Regulation nke glucose ọbara site na homonụ

A na-akpọ homonụ na-eme ka mgbakwunye glucose dị n'ọbara dị ka hyperglycemic, ndị a gụnyere: glucagon, catecholamines, glucocorticosteroids na somatotropin (hormone development). A na-akpọ homonụ nke na-eme ka mgbakọta glucose dị n'ọbara pụta ìhè hypoglycemic. Ihe homonụ na hypoglycemic bụ insulin. Homonụ hyperglycemic na-eme ka glucose ọbara dị elu site na ịkwalite mbibi nke glycogen imeju na-akpali GNH. Insulin na-ebelata glucose ọbara n'ihi: 1) mmụba na permeability nke membranes cell maka glucose, 2) igbochi usoro ndị na-enye glucose (GNG, ndakpọ nke glycogen), 3) iwusi usoro ike iji glucose (glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, PFP. Fat synthesis).

Pathology nke carbohydrate metabolism

N'ime nsogbu nke metabolism metabolism, mmadụ nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche nke ihe kpatara eketa eketa ma ọ bụ ụkọ enzyme kpatara. Ọrịa ndị dị ka disaccharidoses, glycogenoses, aglycogenoses, galactosemia.

Disaccharidoses nke erughi disaccharidase. N'okwu a, anabataghị ụfọdụ ụdị carbohydrates, dịka ọmụmaatụ lactose, na-apụta. A na-ekpughe disaccharides na enzymes eriri afọ nke eriri afọ. N'okwu a, a na-emepụta acid na gas. Ọrịa disaccharidoses bụ flatulence, afọ ọsịsa.

Glycogenosis. N'okwu a, mmebi nke glycogen bụ isi. Glycogen na-achịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ n’ime nnukwu ọnụọgụ, nke nwere ike ibute mbibi ha. Mgbaàmà nke ọrịa: imeju abawanye, ike ọgwụgwụ, hypoglycemia na-ebu ọnụ. Otutu ụdị glycogenosis ka amaara. Enwere ike ibute ha site na ụkọ glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphorylase ma ọ bụ g-amylase.

Aglycogenosis ihe kpatara na enweghi enzymes nke gbara na njikọ glycogen. N'ihi ya, a na-akụghasị njikọ glycogen na ọdịnaya ya na sel na-ebelata. Mgbaàmà: hypoglycemia dị nkọ na afọ efu, ọkachasị mgbe izu ike abalị na-eri nri. Hypoglycemia na-eduga n'ịlaghachi azụ. Ndị ọrịa nwụrụ n’oge ha bụ ụmụaka.

Galactosemia na - eme na - enweghị ihe nketa nke na - eme njikọ transidia uridyl, isi ihe ga - eme ka ịdị n'otu galactose pụta. N’ihi nke a, galactose na galactose-1-phosphate na-agbakọ n’ime akwara, na-emebi ụbụrụ na imeju, yana igwe ojii (cataract). A na-achọta galactose n’efu dị n’ọbara ndị dị n’ọbara. Maka ọgwụgwọ, a na-eji nri na-enweghị mmiri ara ehi na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.

Typedị ọzọ nke pathology nke metabolism metabolism bụ mmebi nke glucose homeostasis, bụ nke e ji mara hyper- ma ọ bụ hypoglycemia.

Hyperglycemia - Nke a bụ mmụba na mkpokọta glucose n'ọbara. Ihe Na-akpata Hyperglycemia: 1) alimentary (nri), 2) ọrịa shuga mellitus (ọ na - apụta na insulin ụkọ), 3) CNS pathology (meningitis, encephalitis), 4) nrụgide, 5) homonụ hyperglycemic gabigara ókè, 6) mmebi ntụpọ pancreatic islet (pancreatitis, hemorrhage) . Hyperglycemia dị ala na nke dị mkpụmkpụ adịghị ize ndụ. Ọrịa hyperglycemia nke dị ogologo oge na-eduga n'ịbelata insulin (nke bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa shuga mellitus), mfu mmiri site na anụ ahụ, nbanye ya n'ọbara, ọbara mgbali elu, na ụba mmamịrị na-apụta. Hyperglycemia nke 50-60 mmol / L nwere ike iduga hyperosmolar coma.

Ọrịa hyperglycemia na-adịte aka na-eduga ná nchebe nke enweghị nchebe enzymatic nke protein plasma ọbara, sel ọbara ọbara, arịa ọbara, tubules renal, neurons, lens, collagen. Nke a na-agbanwe akụrụngwa ha, nke bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nsogbu: hypoxia anụ ahụ, ọnya akwara akwara, cataracts, ọdịda akụrụ, ụzọ akwara dị mkpirikpi, obere oge mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie, wdg.

Hypoglycemia-nke a bụ mbelata n'ọbara glucose ọbara.

Ihe kpatara hypoglycemia: 1) nri, 2) ịba ụba iji glucose (maka ọrụ akwara ike), 3) eriri afọ na akwara (4a), ọrịa imeju, 5) usoro ụjọ akwara, 6) enweghị homonụ hyperglycemic, 7) insulin ngafe (akpụ akpụ akpụ) oke insulin).Hypoglycemia dị ize ndụ, ebe ọ na-eduga na hypoglycemic coma.

Nkebi nke 3. Nnyocha ụlọ na mmega ahụ dị irè

Addbọchị agbakwunye: 2015-07-13, Nlele: 550, Nwepu iwu nwebiisinka? ,

Ọgwụ shuga

Ọkwa shuga dị n’ụbọchị n’ụbọchị dịgasị iche. Agbanyeghị, enwere ụfọdụ ebe ọ na-agaghị agabiga ya. Devizọ ọ bụla na-egosi mmepe nke ọrịa ndị siri ike.

Ntinye obi glucose na ọbara kwesịrị ikwekọ n'usoro ndị a:

site na 2.5 mmol / l maka ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ,
site na 3.3 ruo 5.5 mmol / l maka ndị gbara afọ 15.

Usoro ndị a metụtara ndị mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ ha. N'okwu a, a na-etinye ọkwa glucose na afọ 15. Mgbe o ruru afọ a ruo mgbe nká, ndị na-egosi ụkpụrụ adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.

Mmụba na shuga ọbara na-egosi hyperglycemia. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ a ejikọghị na njehie na nri ma ọ bụ ị certainụ ụfọdụ ọgwụ, ebe enwere mmụba na-abawanye na ọkwa glucose, a na-achọpụta ọrịa shuga.

Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara, n'ụzọ dị iche, na-ebelata, anyị na-ekwu maka hypoglycemia. Ọnọdụ a na mmetụta nke agụụ, ọgbụgbọ na adịghị ike n'ozuzu. Okwesiri iburu n’uche na ihe ndi na arua aru di na hypoglycemia bu otu. Ha mejupụtara n’ezie na mkpụrụ ndụ na-agụ agụụ n’ihi enweghị ume, nke na-eduga n’ọnwụ ha.

Carbohyddị carbohydrates

A na-eke Carbohydrates ụzọ abụọ:

dị mfe ma ọ bụ monosaccharides,
mgbagwoju ma obu polysaccharides.

A na-akpọ carbohydrates dị mfe ngwa ngwa maka ike ha nwere ike iweli shuga ọbara n'otu oge. Carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na-abawanye glucose ọbara, mana ha na-eme nwayọ nwayọ. Maka nke a, a malitere ịkpọ ha carbohydrates nwayọ.

Carbohydrates dị mfe bụ isi iyi nke ike ngwa ngwa. N'ezie onye ọ bụla achọpụtala na iri swiiti, enwere ike na ume ozugbo. Agbanyeghị, ike a gwụsịrị ngwa ngwa, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụghị naanị ngwa ngwa ka a na-enweta carbohydrates, mana ọpụpụ ahụ ngwa ngwa.

Ihe kachasị dị ize ndụ nke carbohydrates dị mfe bụ na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ike na pancreas. Mgbe ha batara, o di nkpa iji meputa insulin buru ibu otu ugbo. Iju oke mgbe nile nwere ike ibute ọrụ nke a, nke a ga - ebute mmepe nke ọrịa ndị siri ike.

Ọ bụ n'ihi nke a ka a na-ewere carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya dị ka ihe kachasị baa uru, nke na-abanye ahụ yana protein, eriri, cellulose, pectin, inulin na stachi.

Carbohydrates ndị dị otú ahụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbadata, na-eme ka glucose na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ banye n'ọbara. Ya mere, pancreas na - emepụta insulin na - enweghị mgbakasị ahụ, na - ezobe ya n'ọtụtụ dị mkpa iji jigide ọkwa shuga nkịtị.

Ebee ka ikike glucose si?

Dịka e kwuru n’elu, insulin na-ebelata ọkwa shuga. N'otu oge, mgbe ọrịa kansa na - akpata insulin n'ụba, oke shuga na - agbada wee dị oke mkpa, nke bụ ọnọdụ dịkwa njọ. N'okwu a, anụ ahụ na-akwụ ụgwọ maka enweghị glucose site na ịnara ya site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ.

Ihe ndị mejupụtara glucose gụnyere ihe ndị a:

nri
imeju na akwara anụ ahụ, ebe a na-echekwa glucose dị ka glycogen (usoro a na - akpọ glycogen ka ana - akpọ glycogenolysis),
abụba na protein (usoro nke ịkpụkọta glucose site na ihe ndị a ka a na-akpọ gluconeogenesis).

Brainbụrụ bụ akụrụngwa na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ kachasị emetụta enweghị glucose. A kọwara ihe a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụbụrụ ahụ enweghị ike ịchịkọta ma chekwaa glycogen. Ọ bụ ya mere na ịba ụba glucose, e nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke ọrụ ụbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ.

Insulin bu homonụ nke puru ime iji nyefee glucose na sel. Nke ahụ bụ, insulin na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụdị igodo. Na-enweghị ya, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị ike ịnabata glucose n’onwe ha. Naanị otu mkpụrụ ndụ nke na-achọghị insulin iji nweta glucose bụ ụbụrụ. A kọwara ihe a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'enweghi ọbara ọbara (hypoglycemia), a na-egbochi mmepụta insulin. N'otu oge ahụ, ahụ mmadụ na-etinye ike ya niile iji nyefe glucose na ụbụrụ. Brainbụrụ na-enwetakwa ike ụfọdụ si ketones. Nke ahụ bụ, ụbụrụ bụ akụrụngwa anaghị arụ ọrụ na insulin, nke na-echebe ya pụọ n’ihe ndị na-emebi emebi.

Kedu homonụ na-achịkwa shuga

Ọdịdị nke pancreas gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị otu sel nke na - enweghị ọgwụ akpụrụ akpụ. A na-akpọ ha agwaetiti nke Langerhans. Ọ bụ agwaetiti ndị a na-emepụta insulin - mmiri ọgwụ na-ebelata shuga ọbara. Agbanyeghị, agwaetiti Langerhans na -emepụta homonụ ọzọ akpọrọ glucagon. Glucagon bụ ọgwụ insulin, ebe isi ọrụ ya bụ iwelie shuga ọbara.

A na-emepụta homonụ nke na-eme ka glucose si n’ọkpụkpụ adrenal, pituitary gland, na thyroid gland na-emepụta. Ndị a gụnyere:

adrenaline (nke emee adrenal gland),
cortisol (nke nkpuru ohia adrenal emeputara),
homonụ ibu (nke palitur gia na emeputa),
thyroxine na triiodothyronine (nke thyroid gland na-arụpụta).

A na-akpọ homonụ ọ bụla na-abawanye glucose ọbara. Na mgbakwunye, sistemụ akwara autonomic na-ebute nsonaazụ na mmeju nke metabolism metabolism.

Mmetụta Glucagon

Isi mmetụta nke glucagon bụ ndị a:

n'ịbawanye ụba nke glucose n'ihi ntọhapụ nke glycogen na imeju,
na inweta glucose site na protein,
n'ime mkpali ime ka aru ahu ketone di n’imeju.

Na metabolism metabolism, imeju na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mmiri maka nchekwa glycogen. A na - agbanwe glucose na - ekwuputaghị ka ọ bụrụ glycogen ma chekwaa ya na mkpụrụ ndụ akwara, ebe a na - echekwa ya n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ atụghị anya ya.

Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa glucose ọbara dara nke ọma, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’oge ụra abalị, glucagon na-abanye n'ọrụ. Ọ na-agbanwe glycogen ka ọ bụrụ glucose, emesia ọ banye n'ọbara.

Mgbe mmadụ mụ anya, o nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe agụụ maka awa anọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, n’abalị, mgbe mmadụ hiri ụra, o nwere ike ọ gaghị echeta nri ya ruo elekere iri. A kọwara ihe a site na ọrụ glucagon, nke na-ewepụta glucose na umeji, ma tinye ya n'ọrụ ọma.

Ọ bụrụ na umeji gwụrụ n'ime glycogen, n'abalị, mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa hypoglycemia nke ukwuu. Otu ihe ahụ nwere ike ime na ịmega ahụ ogologo oge, na akụkụ nke carbohydrates anaghị akwado.

Ọrịa shuga mellitus na-etolite na imebi ọrụ nke pancreas, nke na-akwụsị ịmịpụta insulin n'adabereghị. Agbanyeghị, na ndị dị otú ahụ, njikọ glucagon na-emebi emebi. Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-akpata ọrịa shuga mellitus na-agbapụta insulin site na mpụga, yana usoro ya ga-aba oke, hypoglycemia na-amalite. N'okwu a, anụ ahụ anaghị etinye usoro nkwụghachi ụgwọ n'ụdị mmepụta glucagon.

Mmetụta Adrenaline

Adrenaline bụ homonụ nke gland adrenal na-aza maka ọnọdụ na-akpata nrụgide. Ọ bụ maka ihe a ka a na-akpọ homonụ nke nrụgide. Ya, dị ka glucagon, na-ahapụ glycogen site na imeju, na-agbanwe ya na glucose.

Okwesiri iburu n'uche na adrenaline adighi eme ka otutu shuga di elu, kamakwa na-egbochi ikwa glucose site niime akwara, na - egbochi ha inweta ya. A kọwara ihe a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na n'oge nrụgide, adrenaline na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe glucose maka ụbụrụ.

Ihe mbu nke adrenaline bu ndi a:

Ọ na-eme ka glycogen si na imeju,
adrenaline na-eme ka njikọ nke glucose na protein dị,
homonụ a anaghị ekwe ka akwara nke anụ ahụ weghara glucose,
n'okpuru nduzi nke adrenaline, anụ ahụ na-eme ka abụba daa.

N'ime ahụ mmadụ siri ike, na nzaghachi maka nsogbu a na-eme adrenaline, a na-eme ka insulin na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, nke na-enyere aka mee ka glucose na ọbara dị mma. N'ime ndị nwere ọrịa shuga, ịmịpụta insulin anaghị aba ụba, ya mere ha chọrọ nkwado ọzọ nke insulin na-arụ ọrụ.

N'okpuru mmetụta nke adrenaline, a na-achịkwa ihe ọzọ na-enye glucose na imeju n'ụdị ketones guzobere site na abụba.

Ọrụ Cortisol

A na-emepụtakwa homonụ cortisol site na gren adrenal na nzaghachi maka nrụgide. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere isonye na metabolism, na-abawanye ọkwa glucose na ọbara.

Nsonaazụ cortisol bụ:

homonụ a na - eme ka glucose si na protein,
cortisol na - egbochi sel nke glucose site na sel anụ ahụ,
cortisol, dika adrenaline, na - akwalite guzobe ketones site n’uba.

Regulation shuga dị n’ahụ

Ahụ mmadụ nwere ahụ ike nwere ike ịhazi shuga ọbara n'ọtụtụ dị n'agbata 4 na 7 mmol / liter. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa nwere mbelata glucose na 3.5 mmol / lita ma ọ bụ belata, onye ahụ malitere inwe obi ọjọọ.

Mbelata shuga nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem na ọrụ niile nke anụ ahụ, nke a bụ ụdị ịnwa ịkesa ozi ụbụrụ banyere mbelata na nnukwu glucose. N'ihe banyere mbelata shuga n’ahụ, ihe niile enwere ike ịmịpụta glucose na-amalite iso na-eme ka nguzosi ike dị.

Karịsịa, glucose na-amalite site na protein na abụba. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị dị mkpa na-abanye ọbara site na nri, imeju, ebe a na-echekwa shuga n'ụdị glycogen.

N’agbanyeghi eziokwu na ụbụrụ bụ akụrụngwa anaghị anabata insulin, ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n’enweghi glucose oge niile. N'inye shuga dị ala, ịmịpụta insulin, nke a dị mkpa iji chekwaa glucose maka ụbụrụ.
N'ịhapụ ogologo oge nke ihe ndị dị mkpa, ụbụrụ na-amalite imeghari na iji usoro ndị ọzọ nke ike, ọtụtụ mgbe ha bụ ketones. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ike a agaghị ezu.
Foto dị iche kpamkpam na-arịa ọrịa shuga na ọbara mgbali elu. Mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-abụghị insulin na-amalite n’ị excessụbiga shuga ókè, bụ́ nke na-emebi mmadụ na shuga mellitus.

Ọ bụrụ na insulin na-enyere aka belata ọkwa shuga, mgbe ahụ cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon, homonụ na-eto na-amụba ha. Dịka ọkwa glucose dị elu, data belata bụ ihe dị egwu nye ahụ niile, mmadụ na-ebute hypoglycemia. Ya mere, homonụ ọ bụla dị n’ọbara na-achịkwa ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ glucose.

Ọzọkwa, usoro akwara autonomic na-ekere òkè na usoro nke ibido usoro hormonal.

Ọrụ Uto

A na-emepụta homonụ na-eto ma ọ bụ homonụ nke pituitary gland ma ọ na-ahụ maka uto mmadụ. Maka ogo a, a na-akpọ ya hormone hormone. Ọ, dị ka homonụ abụọ gara aga, na-ebelata ikike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ijide glucose. N'otu oge ahụ, ịbụ homonụ anabolic, ọ na-eme ka mmụkọ olu dịkwuo elu ma na-enyere aka na mkpokọta glycogen na anụ ahụ.

Glucagon itinye aka

Mmepụta glucose nke homonụ a na-ewere ọnọdụ nke dị na pancreas; ọ bụ sel alfa nke agwaetiti Langerhansikọtara ya. Mmụba na shuga ọbara na ntinye ya na-apụta site na mwepụta nke glucose na glycogen na imeju, glucagon na-emekwa ka mmepụta glucose site na protein.

Dị ka ị maara, imeju na-arụ ọrụ dịka ebe ịchekwa shuga. Mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara gafere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị risịrị nri, glucose site na enyemaka nke insulin homonụ na-aputa n’ime sel ndị imeju ma nọgide n’ebe ahụ n’ụdị nke glycogen.

Mgbe ọkwa shuga dị ala ma ezughị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'abalị, glucagon na-abanye ọrụ ahụ. Ọ na-amalite ịkụda glycogen ka ọ bụrụ glucose, bụ́ nke na-apụtazi n’ọbara.

N’oge ehihie, agụụ na-agụ mmadụ mgbe ọ bụla n’ime awa anọ ma ọ bụ karịa, n’abalị, anụ ahụ nwere ike ịnọ n’erighị nri ruo ihe karịrị awa asatọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi n'eziokwu na n'abalị, enwere mbibi nke glycogen si imeju na glucose.
Na ọrịa shuga mellitus, ị ga-echefukarị ịtụgharị ihe a, ma ọ bụghị ya, glucagon agaghị enwe ike ịbawanye shuga ọbara, nke ga-eduga n'ọbara hypoglycemia.
Ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ na - abụkarị ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrịa mamịrị riri nri carbohydrates achọrọ, na - egwu egwuregwu n'ehihie, n'ihi nke a na - erepịa ihe niile glycogen n'ehihie. Gụnyere hypoglycemia nwere ike ime. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-a alcoholụ mmanya na-aba n'anya ụbọchị gara aga, ka ha na-ewepụ ọrụ nke glucagon.

Dabere na ọmụmụ, nchọpụta nke ụdị ọrịa shuga 1 bụ mellitus ọ bụghị nanị na-ebelata mmepụta insulin beta-cell, mana ọ na-agbanwekwa ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ alfa. Karịsịa, pancreas enweghị ike iwepụta ọkwa glucagon na ume glucose na ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na - akpaghasịkwa mmetụta nke insulin homonụ na glucagon.

Tinyere ndị ọrịa mamịrị, mmepụta glucagon anaghị ebelata na mmụba nke shuga ọbara. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na enyere insulin subcutaneously, ọ na-eji nwayọ nwayọ na mkpụrụ ndụ alfa, n'ihi nke ndọta nke hormone jiri nwayọ belata, ọ nweghị ike ịkwụsị mmepụta glucagon. Ya mere, na mgbakwunye na glucose na nri, shuga sitere na imeju anabatara na usoro nke decomposition na-abanyekwa n'ọbara.

Ọ dị mkpa maka ndị niile na - arịa ọrịa shuga ka ha nwee ike wedata glucagon oge niile ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe banyere hypoglycemia.

Ọrụ Adrenaline

Adrenaline bụ homonụ ahụ na-akpata nchekasị nke gland adrenal na-echebe. Ọ na - enyere aka ịbawanye ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara site na ịkụtu glycogen na imeju. Mmụba na mkpokọta adrenaline na-apụta na ọnọdụ ndị na-akpata nchekasị, ahụ ọkụ, acidosis. Hormone a na - enyere aka belata nnabata nke glucose site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke ahụ.

Mmụba na nchịkọta glucose na-apụta n'ihi mwepụta shuga site na glycogen na imeju, mmalite nke imepụta glucose site na protein nri, yana mbelata nke mkpokọta site na mkpụrụ ndụ. Adrenaline na hypoglycemia nwere ike ibute oria n'ụdị ịma jijiji, ọrịa palpitations, ịsụsọ nke ukwuu. Ọzọkwa, homonụ na-akwalite mbibi nke abụba.

Na mbu, ebuputara ya site na okike na imeputa homonụ homonụ ahụ mere mgbe e nwere ihe egwu. Onye ochie chọkwuru ume iji lụso anụ arụ ọgụ. Na ndụ ọhụụ, mmepụta adrenaline na-abụkarị mgbe a na-enwe nrụgide ma ọ bụ ụjọ n'ihi akụkọ ọjọọ. N'akụkụ a, a chọghị ike maka onye nọ n'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ.

N'ime mmadụ nwere ahụike, insulin na-amalite imepụta ihe n'oge nrụgide, n'ihi nke etu shuga si dị ka ọ dị mma. Ọ dịrịghị ndị ọrịa mamịrị mfe ịkwụsị inwe obi ụtọ ma ọ bụ ụjọ. Ọrịa shuga, insulin ezughị, n'ihi nke a enwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite nsogbu siri ike.
Site na hypoglycemia na ọrịa shuga, ịmụba adrenaline na-abawanye na-ebulite shuga ọbara ma na-akpali mmebi nke glycogen na imeju. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, homonụ ahụ na-eme ka ọsụsọ na-abawanye, na-eme ka ọnụọgụ obi buru ibu na mmetụta nke nchekasị. Adrenaline na-akụda abụba iji mepụta abụba na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ketones na imeju ga-esite n'aka ha n'ọdịnihu.

Nsonye Cortisol

Cortisol bụ homonụ dị oke mkpa nke gland na-ewepụta mgbe ọnọdụ na-akpata nchekasị bilitere ma na-enyere aka iwelie nchịkọta nke glucose n'ọbara.

Mmụba nke ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ shuga na-apụta n'ihi mmụba nke mmepụta glucose site na protein, yana mbelata nke mkpokọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ nke anụ ahụ. Hormone ahụ na-akụri abụba iji mepụta abụba n'efu, nke a na-esite na ketones.

Site n’ọkwa cortisol na-arịa ọria n’ogo ala, ịba n’ihu, ịda mba, ịda mba, nsogbu obi, ubara ngwa ngwa, mmadụ na-aka nká ngwa ngwa, na-ebukwu ibu.

Site na ọkwa hormone dị elu, mellitus ọrịa shuga na-apụta nke na-enweghị ike na ụdị nsogbu niile na-etolite. Cortisol na - eme okpukpu abụọ nke glucose - nke mbụ site n’ibelata ikepụta insulin, na - ebido n’ibelata ọgbụgba akwara na glucose.
Otu n'ime ihe mgbaàmà nke cortisol dị elu bụ mmetụta agụụ oge niile na agụụ iri nri ụtọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nke a bụ ihe na - akpata ịreatụbiga mmanya ókè ma na - ebu oke ibu. N'ime ọrịa shuga, abụba na-apụta n'ime afọ, a na-ebelata ọkwa testosterone. Gụnyere homonụ ndị a dị obere, nke dị ize ndụ nye onye ọrịa.

N'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na njedebe yana ọrụ cortisol, ihe mmadụ nwere ibute ọrịa strok ma ọ bụ nwee nkụchi obi na-abawanye ụba.

Na mgbakwunye, homonụ ahụ na -ebelata ahụ mmadụ na - enweta collagen na calcium, nke na - akpata ọkpụkpụ na - esighi ike ma na - agbatịkwa usoro nhazi anụ ahụ.

Ọrụ homonụ na-eto

Mmepụta homonụ na –emepụta na gland pituitary, nke dị n'akụkụ ụbụrụ. Isi ọrụ ya bụ ịkpalite uto, homonụ nwekwara ike ime ka ọ bloodụ shuga dị n’ọbara site n’ịbelata ihe ndị na-eme glucose n’ahụ́ nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

Homonụ na-eto eto na - eme ka uru akwara dịkwuo elu ma na - eme ka mmebi nke abụba bukwuo ibu. Ọkpụkpọ hormone na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-apụta na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ha malitere itolite ngwa ngwa, oge uto na-apụta. Ọ bụ n’oge a ka mkpa mmadụ nwere maka insulin na-aba ụba.

N'ihe banyere ịrịa ọrịa shuga ogologo oge, onye ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwe oge igbu oge mmepe. Nke a bụ n'ihi n'eziokwu na n'ọgbọ ahụ, uto uto na-eto dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali maka mmepụta nke ụmụ amaala. N'ime ndị ọrịa mamịrị, ugbu a, imeju na - enweta nguzogide ihe mmetụta nke homonụ a.

Site na usoro insulin n'oge, a ga - egbochi nsogbu a.

Mgbaàmà nke insulin insulin

N'ime onye ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus, yana oke insulin homonụ dị n'ahụ ahụ, enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ mgbaàmà. Ọrịa shuga na-enwekarị nrụgide, na-arụ ọrụ ngwa ngwa, nyocha ọbara na-egosi ọkwa testosterone dị oke elu, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike enweghị estradiol.

Ọzọkwa, ụra na-enye onye ọrịa nsogbu, gland thyroid anaghị arụ ọrụ zuru oke. Ime ihe ike nwere ike ibute imega ahụ dị ala, oge nri nke ihe oriri na-emerụ ahụ bara ụba nke carbohydrates efu.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ka ọ na-abawanye shuga dị n’ọbara, a na-emepụta insulin dị mkpa, hormone a na-eduzi glucose n’arụ akwara ma ọ bụ n’ebe mkpokọ dị. Site na afọ ndụ ma ọ bụ n'ihi ụba nke abụba anụ ahụ, ndị na - anabata insulin na - amalite ịrụ ọrụ adịghị mma, na shuga enweghị ike ịkpọtụrụ homonụ ahụ.

N'okwu a, mgbe mmadụ risịrị nri, ịgụ glucose na-adị elu nke ukwuu. Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na arụ ọrụ insulin, n'agbanyeghị arụpụta ya.
Ndị na-anabata ụbụrụ na-amata shuga dị elu mgbe niile, ụbụrụ na-eziga mgbaàmà kwesịrị ekwesị na pancreas, na-arịọ ka ha wepụta insulin ọzọ iji mee ka ọnọdụ ahụ kawanye mma. N’ihi ya, homonụ na-erubiga n’ime sel na ọbara, shuga na-agbasa n’ime ahụ niile, ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-amalitekwa hypoglycemia.

Nlegide insulin

Ọzọkwa, n’ebe ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus nọ, a na-ahụkarị ntaramahụhụ maka insulin homonụ, nke a na-eme ka nsogbu ahụ ka njọ. N'ọnọdụ a, ndị ọrịa mamịrị na-ekpughe nnukwu insulin na glucose.

Sugar na-agbakọta n'ụdị nkwakọba abụba kama ịmefue ya n'ụdị ume. Ebe ọ bụ na insulin n'oge a enweghị ike imetụta mkpụrụ ndụ akwara, ọ nwere ike ịhụ nsonaazụ nke ụkọ nri chọrọ.

Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ezughi oke mmanụ, ahụ ya na-enweta mgbaama agụụ mgbe nile, na-agbanyeghị nnukwu shuga. Ọnọdụ a na - eme ka oke abụba dị n'ahụ, ọdịdị nke oke ibu na mmepe nke oke ibu. Site n'ọrịa ahụ, ọrịa ahụ na-ebuwanye ibu na-aka njọ.

N'ihi erughị ala insulin na-ezighi ezi, mmadụ na-eme ka ike gwụ ya ọbụna na obere nri. Nsogbu yiri nke a na - eme ka ihe ọ bụla ghara ịdabere na nchebe nke anụ ahụ, nke na - eme ka ndị ọrịa mamịrị nwee ike ibute ọrịa na - efe efe.
Etupụta na mgbidi nke arịa ọbara, na-eduga na nkụchi obi.
N'ihi mmụba nke akwara sel ji nwayọ na akwara akwara, ọbara na-eruga akụkụ ahụ dị mkpa dị na-adalata nke ọma.
Ọbara na-amị ọnya ma na-akpata platelet, nke na-akpalite thrombosis. Dịka iwu, haemoglobin na-arịa ọrịa shuga, nke jikọtara na insulin na-eguzogide, belata.

Vidio dị n'isiokwu a na-ekpughe ihe nzuzo nke insulin.

Ọrụ homonụ na-arụ ọrụ

Ọkpụkpụ thyroid na-emepụta homonụ ayodiin nwere ihe abụọ na-akpata:

A na - ekekọta Triiodothyronine site na thyroxine, na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọrụ. Homonụ ndị a na-edozi usoro metabolic niile dị n’ahụ. Nwee oke ha, ọrịa na-akpọ thyrotoxicosis malitere. Ọ na-egosipụta mmụba nke usoro metabolic, na-eduga n'ịbelata ngwa ngwa na ahụ nke ahụ.

Homonụ ndị nwere iodine na-emekwa ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ glucose ọbara si n'ọbara pụta. Agbanyeghị, ha na-eme nke a site na ịbawanye nnabata nke mkpụrụ ndụ na catecholamines - otu ihe na - arụ ọrụ n'ihe ndị dị ndụ, nke gụnyere adrenaline.

Ihe ịrịba ama nke Hyperglycemia

Ihe omuma ndi a gosiputara nsogbu na homonụ nke na - edozi ogo glucose:

obi uto
iro ụra na umejiya na-enweghị isi,
isi ọwụwa
nsogbu iche echiche
enweghi ike itinye uche
oke agu
mụbara urination
mebiri motility eriri afọ.

Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a bụ njiri nke hyperglycemia, nke bụ ihe mgbaàmà na-egosi mmepe nke ọrịa mellitus. Ọ ga-ekwe omume na a na-emepụta insulin, bụ́ homonụ nke na-ebelata ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ glucose, ezughị ezu. Ọ dịghị ihe dị ize ndụ karị bụ ọnọdụ sel akwara ji enwe mmetụta nke insulin, n'ihi nke ọ nweghị ike inye ha glucose.

You nwere ike belata ọkwa shuga dị elu site na ịgbanye insulin. Agbanyeghị, dọkịta kwesịrị ịkọ ọgwụ a. Tupu ịmalite ịgwọ ọrịa insulin, ọ dị mkpa iji nyocha, na nke dọkịta ga-ekpebi mkpa ịchọrọ ọgwụgwọ homonụ. Ikekwe, n'inwe ọrịa ahụ n'oge mbido, ọ ga-ekwe omume ị toụ ọgwụ ndị na-eme ka ogo glucose dị mma.

Ihe ịrịba ama nke hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia bụ onye na - esokarị ndị na - arịa ọrịa shuga, yana ụmụ nwanyị nọ na nri siri ike, ma n'otu oge ahụ na - ata onwe ha ahụhụ site na ọzụzụ anụ ahụ.

Ma ọ bụrụ na n'ọnọdụ nke mbụ ihe kpatara mbelata ọbara shuga dị n'ọbara insulin, mgbe ahụ na nke abụọ - mwepu nke glycogen mee, n'ihi nke homonụ nke mgbochi na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa ọkwa nke glucose.

Ihe mgbaàmà ndị a na-egosi na shuga belatara.

ubara obi n’oge mgbali anụ arụ,
mmetụta nke ụjọ na ụjọ,
isi ọwụwa tinyere nkụchi,
afọ mgbu, ọgbụgbọ na stool,
mkpụkpu ume
ọnụnọ nke nasolabial triangle na mkpịsị aka nke nsọtụ ya,
oge mgbanwe
obi mgbawa.

Iji kpochapụ ngosipụta nke hypoglycemia, oriri nke carbohydrates dị mfe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, tii dị ụtọ, kuki ma ọ bụ koko, na-enyere aka. Ọ bụrụ na usoro a enweghị ike, naanị ntụtụ nke glucagon nwere ike inye aka. Agbanyeghị, dị ka ọ dị na mbụ, a ga-eme ọgwụgwọ homonụ naanị mgbe nyochachara na nchịkọta nke usoro ị theụ ọgwụ ahụ. Ngwọta onwe onye nwere ike ime ka mmepe nke nnukwu nsogbu.

Usoro homonụ nke metabolism metabolism

Usoro homonụ nke ike metabolism

Omume nke homonụ na-emetụta ike metabolism nwere ike ịhụ na ịchọpụta ụfọdụ usoro mmiri ọgwụ nje. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nnonye nke glucose dị n'ọbara. E kewara homonụ:

1. Mmụba glucose ọbara,

2. Mbelata ọkwa nke glucose na ọbara.

Na insulin bụ naanị nke abụọ.

Ọzọkwa, enwere ike kee homonụ nke HORMONES OF DIRECT ACTION maka metabolism ike na HORMONES OF INNDIRECT ACTION.

Hormones nke ime ihe.

Mainzọ usoro insulin ji arụ ọrụ:

1. Insulin na-abawanye ike nke oghere plasma na glucose. Mmetụta insulin a bụ ihe bụ isi na - egbochi ihe metabolism metabolism na sel.

2. Insulin na-ewepu ihe mgbochi nke glucocorticosteroids na hexokinase.

3. Na ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, insulin na-akpali biosynthesis nke enzymes carbohydrate, tinyere enzymes isi.

4. Insulin na sel nke adipose na-egbochi lipase triglyceride, isi ihe na - eme ka enwee abụba.

Nchịkwa nke itinye insulin n'ime ọbara na-apụta na ntinye nke usoro neuro-reflex. E nwere ihe pụrụ iche na-emetụta glucoseceptors na mgbidi arịa ọbara. Mmụba na mkpokọta nke glucose n'ọbara na-eme ka mmiri ọgwụ insulin na-agbaze n'ime ọbara, glucose na-abanye n'ime sel ya ma itinye uche ya na ọbara na-ebelata.

Homonụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmụba nke glucose n'ọbara.

N'akuku homonụ protein-peptide. Ọ nwere ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụyọkọ zoro ezo. Nsonaazụ ahụ sitere na sistemụ cyclase adenylate.

1. Na-akpata mmụba nke ọrụ glycogen phosphorylase. N'ihi nke a, mmebi nke glycogen na-agbatị ọsọ ọsọ. Ebe ọ bụ na glucagon nwere mmetụta naanị na imeju, anyị nwere ike ịsị na ọ "na - egbochi imeju glucose".

2. Na-ebelata ọrụ nke glycogen synthetase, na-ebelata njikọ nke glycogen.

3. Na-arụ ọrụ lipase na depots abụba.

O nwere ndị na-anabata ya n'ọtụtụ anụ ahụ, usoro ya si arụ ọrụ bụ otu ihe ahụ glucagon.

1. Na-eme ka mmebi nke glycogen ghara ịdị.

2. Na-akụda njikọta glycogen.

3. Na-anabatakarị lipolysis.

Ha dị na homonụ steroid, yabụ, ha nwere ụdị mkparịta ụka intracellular na cell lekwasịrị anya. Site n'ime ka ha banye na ebe a na-ele anya, ha na onye na-anabata igwe na-eme ihe ma nweekwa nsogbu ndi a:

1. Na-egbochi hexokinase - yabụ ha na-akwụsịlata itinye glucose. N'ihi ya, ịba ụba glucose n'ọbara na-abawanye.

2. homonụ ndị a na-enye usoro nke glyconeogenesis na mkpụrụ.

3. Na ọkwa mkpụrụ ndụ, bulie biosynthesis nke enzymes protein catabolism.

Homonụ na-adịghị mma

1.Ọ na - eme ka nzuzo glucagon dịkwuo elu, yabụ enwere ngwangwa nke nkwụsị nke glycogen.

2. Ọ na - eme ka lipolysis rụọ ọrụ, yabụ na - enye aka na ojiji nke abụba dịka isi iyi ume.

IODINE-IJIRUTA NIILE ANYA.

Ndị a bụ homonụ - usoro nke amino acids tyrosine. Ha nwere nmekorita intracellular ya na sel di iche. Ihe nnabata T3 / T4 dị na sel sel. Ya mere, homonụ ndị a na - eme ka biosynthesis protein dị na ọkwa transcript. N'ime protein ndị a bụ enzymes oxidative, ọkachasị n'ụdị dehydrogenases. Na mgbakwunye, ha na-akpali njikọ nke ATPases, i.e. enzymes nke na-emebi ATP. Usoro biooxidation chọrọ mkpụrụ - ngwaahịa nke ọxọd na ala nke carbohydrates na abụba. Ya mere, na mmụba na mmepụta nke homonụ ndị a, a na-achọpụta mmụba nke ike carbohydrates na abụba. A na-akpọ Hyperthyroidism ọrịa Bazedova ma ọ bụ thyrotoxicosis. Otu n’ime ihe ngosipụta nke ọrịa a bụ mbelata ibu n’arụ. Ejiri mmụba a na-emetụta ọrịa a. Na nyocha nke vitro, enwere mwepu nke oxidation mitochondrial na phoidho phosphorylation na elu nke homonụ ndị a.

Iwu nke carbohydrate na-eburu ya site na ntinye nke usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ike imetụta ntinye ma ọ bụ iwepu njikọ nke enzymes carbohydrate dị iche iche ma ọ bụ tinye aka na mmegharị ma ọ bụ igbochi ọrụ ha. Insulin, catecholamines, glucagon, somatotropic na homonụ steroid nwere mmetụta dị iche, mana ọ na-ekwupụta nke ọma na usoro dị iche iche nke metabolism metabolism. Yabụ dịka ọmụmaatụ insulin na - akwalite nnabata nke glycogen na imeju na akwara, na - eme ka enzyme glycogen synthetase na - egbochi glycogenolysis na gluconeogenesis. Ngwunye insulin - glucagon na - akpali glycogenolysis. Adrenaline na-akpali mmetụta nke adenylate cyclase, ọ na-emetụta mkpokọta mmeghachi omume phosphorolysis dum. Gonadotropins mee ka glycogenolysis rụọ ọrụ na Plasenta. Glucocorticoid homonụ na-akpali usoro gluconeogenesis. Uto homonụ emetụta ọrụ nke enzymes nke ụzọ pentose phosphate ma belata ojiji glucose site na nsụ anụ ahụ. Acetyl-CoA na nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide belata na-etinye aka na nhazi nke gluconeogenesis. Mmụba na plasma acids acid na-egbochi ọrụ nke enzymes glycolysis isi. Ebumnuche dị mkpa dị na nhazi nke enzymatic mmeghachi omume nke carbohydrate metabolism bụ nke Ca2 + ion na-eme, ma ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya na homonụ nke homonụ, na-ejikọkarị ya na protein pụrụ iche nke Ca2 + - na-egbochi. Usoro ha ji eme ihe - dephosphorylation dị ezigbo mkpa na usoro nke ọrụ ọtụtụ enzymes. N'ime ahụ, a na-enwe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti metabolism metabolism na metabolism nke protein, lipids na mineral.

Tozọ iji mezie metabolism metabolism dị iche iche. Na ọkwa ọ bụla nke ndụ dị ndụ, a na-achịkwa metabolism metabolism site na ihe ndị na-emetụta ọrụ nke enzymes na-emetụta mmeghachi omume metabolism. Ihe ndị a gụnyere ịta mkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ ọgwụ, ọdịnaya nke ngwaahịa (metabolites) nke mmeghachi omume onwe onye, ọchịchị oxygen, ọnọdụ ahụ ike nke membranes bio, ịta nke coenzymes dị mkpa maka mmeghachi omume mmadụ, wdg.

Atụmatụ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ụzọ pentose phosphate maka ịhapụ mmiri ara ehi na - eme ka mmekọrịta ya na glycolysis (dika Hers si kwuo).

1 - transketolase, 2 - transaldolase, 3 - aldolase, 4 - phosphofructokinase, 5 - fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 6 - hexokinase, 7 - glucose phosphatisomerase, 8 - triozophosphatisomerase, 9-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 10 - phosphogluconolactonase, 11 - 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, 12 - isomerase, 13 - epimerase, 14 - lactate dehydrogenase.

Ihe mmeghari iri glycolysis na-eme na cytosol.

Hormones nke na-edozi glucose ọbara

Hypoglycemia- Nke a bụ mbelata nke glucose ọbara. Ikewapụ n'etiti ọbara na akwara hypoglycemia.

Ihe na-akpata hypoglycemia:

1) aru oru (ubara elu)

2) ime na lactation

Ihe na-akpata hypoglycemia:

1) imebi nke ichekwa glucose na umeji

2) malabsorption nke carbohydrates na nri diges

3) mkpokọta mkpọchi glycogen

4) erughi glucose

6) nnabata n'ime- ndị na - egbochi ganglion

Hyperglycemia- Nke a bụ mmụba nke glucose ọbara.

1) ị oveụbiga mmanya ókè

2) ngafe nke homonụ nke na - egbochi ojiji nke glucose site na anụ ahụ ma n'otu oge ahụ na - akpali gluconeogenesis.

5) ọnya ụbụrụ

6) ọrịa imeju nke ihe mgbu ma ọ bụ degenerative ọdịdị

37. Usoro iwu nke glucose ọbara.

Ọbara glucose bụ otu n'ime ihe eji eme ụlọ. Usoro iwu nke glucose ọbara dị n'ọbara bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-ejigide ike nke homeostasis ume maka akụkụ ahụ kachasị mkpa (ụbụrụ, mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara). Ọ bụ glucose bụ ihe bụ́ isi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ọgwụ metabolism. Enwere usoro abụọ:

Ngwa ngwa (site na sistemụ akwara nke etiti)

Na-adịgide adịgide (site na mmetụta homonụ)

Usoro ihe mberede na-abụkarị ihe ọ bụla na-ebute site na mmebe nke ihe ọ bụla dị oke egwu n'ahụ. A na-eme ya dabere n'ụkpụrụ oge ochie (a na-enweta ozi ihe mmerụ ahụ site na nyocha ihe nlele. Cchọpụta sitere n'otu anya na cortex na-agbasa na mpaghara niile nke cortex. Mgbe ahụ, a na-enyefe mkparịta ụka ahụ na hypothalamus, ebe etiti nke usoro ọmịiko ọmịiko eriri azụ na-enweta ntanetị na ogwe ọmịiko na site na postganglion eriri aka na akwa adrenal. Nke a na - eme ka mwepụta adrenaline, nke na - akpali adenylate cyclase sistemụ nke glycogen mob).

Ngwa ọrụ a na-achọ ngwa ngwa na-eme ka mgbatị ahụ sie ike maka awa 24. N’ọdị n’ihu, a na-ebelata glycogen ma ọ bụrụ na awa iri na ise ruo iri na isii na - ejikọ ọrụ na - adịgide adịgide, nke sitere na gluconeogenesis. Mgbe agbasasịchara ụlọ ahịa glycogen, cortex nwere obi ụtọ na-aga na-ezigara hypothalamus ahụ ike. Site na nke a, mkpụrụ osisi na-apụta, nke, na mmiri iyi, na-abanye gland na-emebi emebi, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eme ka STH, ACTH, TSH banye n'ọbara ọbara, nke n'aka nke ya na-akpali ntọhapụ nke triiodothyronine na thyrotropin. Homonụ ndị a na-akpali lipolysis. Homonụ nke thyrotropic na-arụ ọrụ proteolysis, na-ebute ịmepụta nke amino acid na-akwụghị ụgwọ, nke, dị ka ngwaahịa nke lipolysis, na-eji dị ka mkpụrụ nke gluconeogenesis na usoro tricarboxylic acid.

Na nzaghachi na mmụba nke glucose ọbara, a na-ahapụ insulin, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na abụba abụba na homonụ zoro ezo na-agbanyụ glycolysis na akwara anụ ahụ, a naghị eri glucose, a na-echekwa glucose niile maka ụbụrụ na sel ọbara.

N'okpuru ọnọdụ ịbanye ogologo oge banyere ihe ndị na-adịghị mma n'ahụ ahụ (nrụgide oge niile), enweghi ike ịmịnye insulin, nke bụ otu n'ime ihe na-akpata ọrịa shuga.

Mmụba glucose ọbara

Transportgbọ njem GluT 4 na-abawanye ụba

Arụ ọrụ nke glycogenolysis na imeju

glucose n’ime sel

Enwetara Glycogen Synthesis

Arụ ọrụ nke glycogenolysis na imeju

Glycolysis na eriri CTK

Membrane permeability mbelata maka

N’ebelata mkpokọta nke glucose ọbara na insulin na-enweta n’ụzọ ndị a:

ntụgharị nke glucose n'ime sel - rụọ ọrụ nke ndị na - ebu protein, GluT 4 na cytoplasm

Nmekorita glucose na glycolysis - mmụba nke glucokinase - enzyme,

A na-akpọ ọnya glucose, na-akpali njikọ nke isi ọzọ

enzymes glycolysis - phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase,

O na - eme ka a na - emewanyewanye mgbanwe glycogen - ịgbalite nke njikọ glycogen na - akpali akpali nke njikọ ya, nke na - eme ka ntụgharị nke glucose dị ukwuu na - eme ka ọ bụrụ glycogen,

ihe na - eme ka pentose phosphate gbadoro ụkwụ - mee ka mgbakwunye glucose-6-phosphate synthesis

dehydrogenases na 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases,

ịba ụba lipogenesis - ntinye nke glucose na njikọ nke triacylglycerols (lee "Lipids", "Synthesis nke triacylglycerols").

Ọtụtụ akwara na-ahụ maka ihe insulin na-eme, a na-akpọ ha insulin-Independent. Ndị a gụnyere akwara anụ ahụ, ihe na-atọ ọchị, oghere, oghere, akụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ, endotheliocytes, testes, na sel ọbara.

Glucagon na-abawanye glucose ọbara:

na-abawanye mkpokọta glycogen site na mbido nke glycogen phosphorylase,

o na - akpali gluconeogenesis - ịba ụba ọrụ nke enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.

Adrenaline na-akpata hyperglycemia:

na - eme ka mkpokọta glycogen - mkpali nke glycogen phosphorylase,

Glucocorticoids na-abawanye glucose ọbara site na igbochi ntụgharị nke glucose n'ime sel,

o gluconeogenesis na - akpali akpali - mụbaa njikọ nke pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase enzymes.

Insulin - homonụ nke na-ebelata ọbara shuga

Mmụba glucose (hyperglycemia):

Mmụba anụ ahụ na ọkwa glucose - nrụgide nke mmetụta uche, ịba ụba nke arụ ọrụ, "ụjọ nke uwe ọcha"),

Ọrịa Pancreatic mara nke mbelata nke na-adigide ma ọ bụ nke nwa oge na insulin (pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis, cancer nke gland).

Ọrịa endocrine akụkụ (acromegaly na gigantism, syndench-Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis, somatostatinoma)

Medicationsakingụ ọgwụ: thiazides, caffeine, estrogens, glucocorticosteroids.

Mbelata glucose (hypoglycemia):

Ibu ọnụ ogologo oge, ụta, ịba ụba anụ ahụ, ahụ ọkụ,

Mmebi nke eriri afọ, oke ala, ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala, eriri afọ, postgastroectomy,

Ọrịa pancreatic: kansa, ọrịa glucagon (mmebi nke alfa sel nke agwaetiti nke Langengarsk),

Ọgba aghara sitere na akụkụ endocrine: ọrịa adrenogenital, ọrịa Addison, hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism,

Imebi na sistemụ enzymatic: glycogenosis, ndidi fructose na-emetụta ya, galactosemia,

Mmebi nke ọrụ ịba ọcha n'anya: ịba ọcha n'anya nke etiologies dị iche iche, hemochromatosis, cirrhosis,

Ọrịa cancer: imeju, afọ, gland, adiaal, fibrosarcoma,

Ọgwụ: steroid anabolic, ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ n’obi, ndị na-abụghị ndị na-eme nhọrọ beta. Do Overụbiga mmanya ókè: salicylates, mmanya, arsenic, chloroform, antihistamines.

Mmechi

Ahụike mmadụ na-adabere na ihe dị mma na mmiri ọgwụ hormone. Ihe ndị a nwere ike imebi nguzozi a:

erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ
mmega ahụ dị ala
oké ụjọ ụjọ.

Ọ bụrụ na imezi nri protein, abụba na carbohydrates, nwere ike ibute imebi gland endocrine, nke na - emetụta ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara.

Entzọ ibi ndụ na-eme ka mmadụ bukwuo ibu, nke na-egbochi ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ. Iribiga ihe ókè na-eme ka ịbawanye mmiri homonụ na-akpata nchekasị, n'okpuru nduzi nke ụlọ ahịa glycogen na-agbada.

Nwere ike ichebe onwe gị pụọ na nsogbu ndị nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-eri nri dị mma, na-eme mmemme ụtụtụ, na-eje ije ọtụtụ oge ma zere ọnọdụ esemokwu