Kedu homonụ bụ usoro cholesterol?

1. Acid di nkpa
2. Homonụ steroid
3. Vitamin D
4. Abamuru nke ihe eji eme ihe
5. Ọrụ nke cholesterol dị n'ụkpụrụ nke sel ụbụrụ

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ na ịgbaso CHOLESTEROL n'enweghị nsogbu?

Onye isi nke Institutelọ Ọrụ ahụ: “Ọ ga-eju gị anya na ọ dị mfe iji belata cholesterol site na ị na-ewere ya kwa ụbọchị.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyesiri ike na ihe ndị cholesterol dị iche iche kwesịrị ka e lebara ya anya. Ha na - ewusi sistemu mmadụ ike ma chebe ihe ọjọọ nke ụmụ nje na - emerụ ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-egbochi mmepe nke ọtụtụ ọrịa. Ngwakọta nke cholesterol gụnyere acid bile.

Ihe kachasị mkpa n'ime ndị a bụ cholic acid. Nke a bụ isi ihe dị na bile. Arefọdụ ihe eji cholesterol amughi ihe omumu: ihe amara nke cholestanos ka amara nke oma. Ọ bụ nke otu steroid. Cholestanos na-agbakọta na gland adrenal.

Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ anyị ejirila Aterol belata cholesterol. Thehụ ihe ndị ama ama n’ahịa a, anyị kpebiri inyefe ya n’aka gị.

Acid di nkpa

Cholesterol na - eme oxidation, yabụ, etolitekwara steroid. Ngwakọta nke bile acid na-eme na imeju. Ngwakọta nke cholesterol gụnyere cholic, chenodeoxycholic acid. Arefọdụ n'ime ha dị na bile n'ụdị nnu. N'ihi bile acid, a na-ekekọta egbugbere ọnụ nke nri.

Mgbe etinyere dule dule, a na-akụghasị nguzobe nke bile, n'ihi nke a hypovitaminosis malitere (enwere ụkọ vitamin na ahụ). Nke a bụ n'ihi na eziokwu na na pathologies nke bile duct, nnabata nke abụba-soluble vitamin siri ike.

Homonụ steroid

Kedu homonụ bụ usoro cholesterol? Aredị ise nke homonụ steroid ka amara. Ha na-ahazi usoro dị iche iche dị na ahụ.

Progesterone dị mkpa maka ịtụrụ ime: n'ihi ya, etinyere akwa. Ọ dị mkpa na nmekọ nke nwa ebu n'afọ. Glucocorticoids na-egbochi usoro mkpali n'ahụ ahụ.
Mineralocorticoids na-enwe nguzozi-ike nha nke mmiri ahu: mgbe ha adighi ike n’agba mmadu, nsogbu ahu ghapuru nke oma.

Homonụ steroid na-eme ka metabolism dị elu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enwetakwa ha arụ ọrụ. Usoro ndi cholesterol di nma na akuko ha di ala kari ndi bu ndi nke bu uzo.

Ọ na-ezokwa na usoro cholesterol. Ihe a na-eme ka ihe dị n’etiti anyị nwee ike ime ka ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ ghara ime ka ihe gharazie isi mmadụ.

Vitamin na ihe ndị dị na ya anaghị atụfu Njirimara ha n'oge ọgwụgwọ nke ngwaahịa na-ebu ihe ndị a.

Abamuru nke ihe eji eme ihe

Ọ na - egbochi omume ọrịa cancer, na - eme ka ọrụ ụbụrụ dịkwuo mma.

A na-eji Vitamin D na ihe ndị dị na ya agwọ ọrịa sclerosis. Ekele dịrị ha, a na-eme ka usoro akwara ndị mmadụ sie ike. Ebe enweghi umu ihe ndi a n’ime umuaka, rickets na-eme. N'ime ndị okenye, na-enweghị vitamin, ihe ọma na-aka njọ, ike ọgwụgwụ na-abawanye, ụra na-enye nsogbu. Ya mere, ihe oriri kwesiri idozi.

Ọrụ nke cholesterol dị n'ụkpụrụ nke sel ụbụrụ

Ndị dọkịta Sweden na-arụ ọrụ na inalọ Ọrụ Carolina achọpụtala na usoro ndị cholesterol dị mkpa maka ịnọgide na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ụbụrụ. Ha kwenyere na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị nwere homonụ dopamine ga-abụrịrị ndị mejupụtara ya.

Ngwakọta nke cholesterol na-egbochi uto siri ike nke sel azuokokoosisi, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke neurons dopamine dị na ha na-abawanye. Nchọpụta a aghọọla mgbanwe. Ndị ọrịa Parkinson achọtala olileanya nke mgbake.

Ndị ọkà mmụta akwara ahụ kwenyesiri ike na n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmịnye ya n'usoro ndị mmadụ mebiri site na mkpụrụ ndụ ụbụrụ mebiri emebi. Nke a ga - abụ ụzọ ọhụụ iji gwọọ ọrịa ụbụrụ.

Cholesterol nkịtị n’ime ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị

• Iche iche cholesterol n’ime ọbara
• Cholesterol dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ iri anọ
• Ihe ịrịba ama na ihe kpatara cholesterol dị elu na ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị
• Ọgwụ Hypercholesterolemia

Usoro nke cholesterol n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ bụ isi nke a na-atụle nsonaazụ ọbara n'ọbara maka onye ọrịa ọ bụla site na onye na-agwọ ọrịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ dọkịta ezinụlọ. N'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ nke iri anọ ka mmalite ga - amalite - mmepụta nke estrogens, nke butere mbụ ụfọdụ 'uru' nwanyị ma tụnye ụtụ na obere cholesterol ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke, jiri nwayọ belata.

Mgbe ha gaferela ọnụ ụzọ a, ụmụ nwanyị ekwesighi iju mgbe, ha na ntughari ha maka nyocha ọbara n'ozuzu ha, ha ga-enweta oge ha ga-amụ maka ọmụmụ ihe banyere mmiri ọgwụ. A na-akpọ nyocha a profaịlụ lipid ma ọ bụ profaịlụ nke lipid (ọnọdụ). Ọ bụrụ na, site na nyocha ahụ, ekpughere ihe dị iche site na iwu ahụ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ nke mmụba, mgbe ahụ nyocha nke onye ọrịa na ụbụrụ na endocrinologist bụ iwu.

Iche iche cholesterol n’ime ọbara

Ahụ mmadụ n’onwe ya na -emepụta 80% nke cholesterol nke ọ dị mkpa iji wuo akpụkpọ membranes, metabolism nkịtị, njikọ nke homonụ, acid bile na vitamin D. A ga-eji nri nweta ihe 20% fọdụrụnụ. Abụba niile ndị a, na ndị na-agbaze umeju na esite na nri, ha nwere arụ dị iche ma nwee “ezigbo” ma ọ bụ “jọrọ njọ”.

N'inata profaịlụ dị mma n'aka gị, ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe ngosi ndị a:

• LDL (beta-lipoproteins) dị obere lipoproteins dị ntakịrị. Ha bụ ebe e si mepụta akwara vaskụla nke mere ha anatala akara "njọ".

• HDL (alfa lipoproteins) - lipoproteins dị elu. A na-ahụta ha dị mma "n'ihi na ha na - enyere aka iwepu oke cholesterol n'ime sel nke ahụ.
• Triglycerides bụ ụdị kemịkal pụrụ iche a na-ahụ n'ime abụba ndị a na-eri eri ma ọ bụ nke a gwara n'ime ahụ. Etinyere mkpụrụ ndụ abụba ma jiri ya mee ihe maka nnukwu ume. Mmụba dị nkọ na-akpata pancreatitis.
• OXS bụ kọlestrọl ọnụ. Ọ bụ nchikota nke HDL na LDL. Dika odi, 60-70% nke cholesterol zuru oke bu LDL.

Na ndetu. N'oge ịkọwa ọkwa nke lipid, ihe na-adịghị mma abụghị ihe mmụba, kama mbelata (!) Na HDL. N'inwe uru dị elu nke triglycerides, ọkwa LDL na nyocha ahụ ezighi ezi, a na-anọchikwa uru ya site na ihe ngosi pụrụ iche “na-abụghị HDL” = OXC - HDL.

Cholesterol dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị karịrị afọ iri anọ

WHO na-atụ aro na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, malite na afọ iri abụọ, mee ule cholesterol otu ugboro n'afọ ise ọ bụla. Ka o sina dị, iji zaghachi na oge na igbochi nkwakọ atherosclerotic na arịa yana mmepe nke ọrịa obi, ọ na-atụ aro ka ụmụ nwanyị gbasiri ike mgbe ọ dị afọ 40 ka ha duzie usoro nyocha nke ọbara mkpụkọ na cholesterol otu mgbe n'afọ.

Iji kọwaa nchọpụta dị iche iche, enwere ike ịkọ ọgwụ nyocha nke biochemical (enzymes, homonụ, protein c-reactive) na ọmụmụ ihe nke akwara dị n’ime.

Ihe ịrịba ama na ihe kpatara cholesterol dị elu na ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị

N'elu elu, ma cholesterol dị elu ma dị ala anaghị egosipụta akara ngosipụta ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, mgbaàmà na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ọkwa dị elu nke jigide ogologo oge nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbu na obi na / ma ọ bụ ịdị arọ na ụkwụ.

Usoro nke cholesterol ọbara maka ụmụ nwanyị mgbe afọ 40 gasịrị nwere ike ịdị elu maka ihe ndị a:

• ọbara mgbali elu kwụsiri ike karịa 140/90,
• pathology nke arịa ọbara
• ụdị ọrịa shuga ọ bụla
• na-ebelata ọrịa thyroid,
• pathology nke imeju na akụrụ,
• ụkọ homonụ,
• gout
• anorexia nervosa
• ibi ndụ rụrụ arụ, oke ibu, nri na-adịghị edozi ahụ, a alcoụrụma, ị abuseụ sịga.

Site n'ụzọ, enwere echiche na mmanya na - enyere aka ịnwe uru nkịtị nke kọlestrọl ọnụ. N'ezie, n'agbanyeghị ị alcoholụbiga mmanya ókè, kọlestrọl ọnụ zuru ezu ka nwere ike ịkarị, mana nguzozi n'etiti ihe ndị mejupụtara ya gbanwere - ahụ ahụ na-akwụsị ịmịpụta ezigbo "lipids" ma nwee ajọ mbunobi chere ndị "ọjọọ".

Na ndetu. N'iji usoro Friedewald: LDL = OXS - HDL - (0.2 x triglycerides) mg / dL, onye na - ahụ maka akwara obi nwere ike ịtụle echiche nke ịmalite imebi vaskụla atherosclerotic ọbụlagodi ọnụ ahịa nkịtị nke OXC.

Ọgwụ Hypercholesterolemia

Ọ ga - ekwe omume ikpochapụ mgbidi nke arịa ọbara n'ọbara cholesterol naanị na arụ ọrụ, ọgwụ agaghịkwa enwe ike ịkwụsị okike - ị medicinesụ ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ga - enyere aka belata mmepe nke usoro a. Okwesighi ya ma dabere na uzo ozo ma obu uzo ogwu. Ha enweghị ike ịnagide ọrụ a.

Maka ụmụ nwanyị ahụ a chọpụtara na cholesterol dị elu, nke mbụ, a ga-agwa ha ka ha nwaa belata ya n’enweghị ọgwụ - kwụsị ị smokingụ sịga, ị abuseụbiga mmanya ókè, ihi ụra awa 8 n’ụbọchị, kwalite mmega ahụ kwa ụbọchị, kwalite ịdị arọ ma rube isi na cholesterol - ịbelata nri nri. N'okwu a, ị kwesịrị ịmara nha. Followinggbaso nri siri ike gabigara ókè nwere ike imetụta ọ bụghị naanị anụ ahụ kamakwa ahụike nke uche.

N'okwu ahụ mgbe ịnwale iji cholesterol belata naanị site n'enyemaka nke mmega ahụ na ịgbaso nri anticholesterol ewetaghị nsonaazụ a chọrọ, yana ọ bụrụkwa na hypercholesterolemia kpatara ọrịa nke ọkwa OXS na-adịwanye elu karịa 6.22 mmol / l, a na-enye usoro ọgwụgwọ akọwapụtara.

Mainzọ kachasị eji agwọ ọgwụ maka cholesterol dị elu bụ njikwa nke statins, nke a na-enyekarị ọgwụ antihypertensive, sequestering bile acid, fibroic acid, ihe ndị na-egbochi pelesterol. Mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ike dochie ma ọ bụ gbakwunye Niins.

Statins nwere ike ịkwụsị usoro mkpali na arịa ọbara ma nwee oke mgbochi na mmepụta nke cholesterol site na imeju, belata ihe ọghọm nke nkụchi obi ma yabụ nye aka na ogologo ndụ.

Ntị! Statins anaghị akpata iri mmadụ ahụ. Mgbe akagbuola ha, ọkwa cholesterol ga-alaghachi larịị mbụ, mana ọ gaghị abawanye site na ugboro abụọ. Mmeghachi omume ọjọọ na akụrụngwa na-emetụta mmiri, yana uru nke iwere ha dị ọtụtụ oge karịa ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite ụdị mmetụta ndị a.

Themụ nwanyị ndị na-esote afọ 40 ga-ejikarị ọgwụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ mee ha:

• Akụkọ banyere ọrịa strok, nkụchi obi, angina pectoris, ọrịa mgbu nke na-efe efe, ọrịa obi na-efe efe, nkwonkwo akwara, mbibi akwara ozi,
• ndị ọrịa shuga na LDL 70-189 mg / dl,

• mmụba na lipoproteins dị ala> 189 mg / dl,
• ọ bụrụ na ule maka protein c-reactive, fibrinogen na / ma ọ bụ homocysteine ​​abaghị uru,
• obese
• ndị na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ na ndị na-ajụ ịgbanye ụdị ndụ ha dị mma.

Na mmechi, anyị na-agbakwunye na egwu ahụ tupu oge agafeghị ya - maka ụmụ nwanyị kariri afọ iri anọ, mmụba nke ịba ụba nke cholesterol bụ physiological na anaghị ele ya anya dị ka ọrịa. Na mgbakwunye, nsonaazụ nyocha ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe nkwadebe nwanyị na-ezighi ezi maka ọmụmụ ihe a, nkwadebe ụlọ nyocha adịghị mma ma ọ bụ njehie ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha. Kwesịrị ikwugharị ọmụmụ a na oge ị ga - eme ka gị na ụbụrụ na-eme nchọpụta.

Ajụjụ 21 Ọrụ nke ndu nke ndị ozi nke abụọ na nnyefe nke akara hormonal

Usoro ihe dị mkpa nke ndị mmadụ na-ahụ maka mmetụta ndu nke "ndị ozi" nke abụọ n'ime sel bụ usoro nke phosphorylation - dephosphorylation nke protein na-esonye na ọtụtụ protein protein na-ejide ụgbọ njem nke njedebe site na ATP gaa na OH dị iche iche nke itine serine itineonine, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ tyrosine nke protein na-echebe. . Usoro phosphorylation bụ mgbanwe dị mkpa na ntanetị maka nsị nke mkpụrụ ndụ protein na-agbanwe ma nhazi ha na ọrụ ha. Nke kachasị, ọ na-ebute mgbanwe na njiri mara nke ụlọ (njikọ ma ọ bụ nkewa nke ngalaba subunits), ịgbalite ma ọ bụ igbochi akụrụngwa ha, emesia na-ekpebi ọnụego nke mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na ọrụ ọrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

22. homonụ steroid. Usoro na blah blah

N’adịghị ka peptide, homonụ steroid na-abanye ngwa ngwa mkpụrụ ndụ plasma ma soro ndị na-anabata ha na cytoplasm na / ma ọ bụ nucleus nke sel lekwasịrị. Pfọdụ ndị na - anabata homonụ steroid bụ oncoproteins (dịka ọmụmaatụ erbA). Ndị na - anabata homonụ steroid nwere ebe a na - ejikọ DNA. N’aka ozo, nnabata homonụ steroid bụ ntụgharị nke ihe. Nsonaazụ ikpeazụ nke njikọta nke steroid steroid na onye nnabata ya bụ ịgbanwe ụdịrị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa emepụtara. Yabụ, nsonaazụ nke homonụ steroid na mkpụrụ ndụ achọrọ bụ ntinye nke njikọ nke protein a kapịrị ọnụ, bụ nke na-agbanwe oke metabolism nke mazu sel na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndi n’eme ka aru ike nke homonụ steroid nwere ike ịbụ homonụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke sel, dịka ọmụmaatụ, enzymes. Mgbe ahapụchara mkpụrụ ndụ endocrine, homonụ steroid na-abanye n'ọbara, ebe ihe dị ka 95% nke homonụ na-ejikọkwa protein na-ebugharị protein (transcortins, testosterone-protein, Alb Alb na globulins) dị iche iche. A na-ekewa ndị na-anabata ọgwụ steroid dị ka ìgwè buru ibu nke ndị na-anabata nuklia, nke na-agụnyekwa ndị na-anabata ndị na-anabata retinoids, vitamin D3, triiodothyronine. Mgbe ụmụ irighiri homonụ steroid banyere n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ a na-ele anya, ha nwere ike ịkpalite mmeghachi omume naanị ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ụfọdụ ndị na-anabata intracellular maka homonụ a na sel. Yabụ, a na-ahụta ndị na - anabata estrogen n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ nke akpanwa, gland mammary na ụbụrụ. Mkpụrụ nke ntutu isi nke ntutu nke dị n’iru na anụ ahụ na-arịa nkọ nke amụ nwere androgen receptors. A na-achọta ndị na-anabata Glucocorticoid n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ sel niile. N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ a chọrọ, mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla nke homonụ steroid nwoke na nwanyị (androgens, estrogens, progestins) na - ebute mmepe nke usoro nke ihe ndị gụnyere (M) na - ejikọ steroid na onye na - anabata ya, (M) mgbanwe mgbanwe nke allosteric na nhazi nke onye na - anabata ya, na - ebufe onye na - anabata onye na - adịghị arụ ọrụ na onye na - arụ ọrụ. , (III) ejikọtara steroid nnabata nke ihe nhazi maka njikwa ihe nke DNA, (IV) ntụgharị na njikọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe m-RNA ọhụrụ, (V) ntụgharị nke m-RNA na njikọ nke protein ọhụrụ. N’oge ntụgharị, RNA polymerase II na-ejikọ onye na-akwalite, saịtị a kapịrị ọnụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ DNA, site na njikọta polymer. RNA polymerase nke Abụọ na - emegharị akụkụ nke ihe nnweta DNA abụọ, na - ekpughere matriks maka njikọta njikọta ntọala. Mgbe RNA polymerase zutere akara nkwụsị transcript, njikọta polymer na-akwụsị. Enwetara ọtụtụ ihe ọmụma ọgwụ na ahụ ike nke usoro nke ịroidụ ọgwụ homonụ site n'ọmụmụ nnabata steroid.Ofdị irè nke homonụ steroid na-adabere na mmekọ nke nnabata maka homonụ ma ọ bụ ntụnyere ọgwụ, ya na arụmọrụ nke ihe nnabata homonụ nke na - arụ ọrụ na nhazi nke transpreor.

23. Usoro nke usoro protein homonụ ....

Usoro nke ihe nke peptide, homonụ protein na catecholamines. Ligand. A na-akpọ irighiri homonụ nke ana - akpọkarị onye ogbugbo nke izizi mmetụta, ma ọ bụ ligand. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke ọtụtụ homonụ kegidere ndị na-anabata ya kpọmkwem na membranes nke plasma nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-eme ka ọ dịrị, na-akpụpụta ihe eji emetụta ligand. Maka peptide, homonụ protein na catecholamines, nguzobe ya bụ njikọ izizi na usoro nke ime ihe ma na-eduga n'ịme ka enzymes nke membrane na nguzobe nke usoro mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nke mmezi nke hormonal, nke na-ahụta ihe ha na cytoplasm, organoids, na sel sel. N'etiti enzymes nke ọrụ ligand-receptor complex, a na-akọwa adenylate cyclase, guanylate cyclase, phospholipases C, D na A2, tyrosine kinases, phosphattyrosine phosphatases, phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase, serine threonine kinase, na synthase. guzobere n'okpuru mmetụta nke enzymes ndị a bụ: 1) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), 2) cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), 3) inositol-3-phosphate (IPF), 4) diacylglycerol, 5) oligo (A) (2, 5-oligoisoadenylate), 6) Ca2 + <ионизированный кальций),="" 7)="" фосфатидная="" кислота,="" 8)="" циклическая="" аденозиндифосфатрибоза,="" 9)="" n0="" (оксид="" азота).="" многие="" гормоны,="" образуя="" лиганд-рецепторные="" комплексы,="" вызывают="" активацию="" одновременно="" нескольких="" мембранных="" ферментов="" и,="" соответственно,="" вторичных="" посредников.="" значительная="" часть="" гормонов="" и="" биологически="" активных="" веществ="" взаимодействуют="" с="" семейством="" рецепторов,="" связанных="" с="" g-белками="" плазматической="" мембраны="" (андреналин,="" норадреналин,="" аденозин,="" ангиотензин,="" эндотелии="" и="">

Ọrụ biochemical nke nucleotides na metabolism

Nucleotides - phosphoric esters nke nucleosides, ngwongwo nucleoside. Ntọpu akpọrọ n'efu, ọkachasị ATP, cAMP, ADP, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ume yana usoro intracellular ozi, ha bụkwa akụkụ mejupụtara acid na ọtụtụ coenzymes. Ọrụ biochemical nke nucleotides:

Isi iyi ike zuru ụwa ọnụ (ATP na analogues).

Ha bụ ndị na-eme ngagharị na ndị na-ebu monomers na sel (UDP-glucose)

Mee dị ka coenzymes (FAD, FMN, NAD +, NADF +)

Cyclic mononucleotides bụ ndị ogbugbo na-eme ihe n'etiti homonụ na akara ndị ọzọ (cAMP, cGMP).

Allosteric na-achịkwa ọrụ enzyme.

Ha bụ ndị ahịa na mejupụtara akịrịba nke njikọta njikọta nke 3'-5'-phosphodiester.

Ihe di iche na ihe ndi ozo na ihe owuwu nke DNA na RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bụ macromolecule (otu n'ime ihe atọ ahụ, abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ RNA na protein), nke na-enye nchekwa, nnyefe site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ na ntinye nke usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka mmepe na ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. DNA nwere ozi maka ụdị ụdị RNA na protein dị iche iche.

Site na echiche nke kemịkalụ, DNA bụ ogologo ụyọkọ polymer nke nwere ọtụtụ mgbochi - nucleotides. Ngwongwo ọ bụla na-enwe isi ihe na-akpata nitrogen, sugar (deoxyribose) na otu foshate. Ejiri njikọ dị n'etiti nucleotides na yinye n’ihi deoxyribose na otu phosphate (phosphodiester bond). N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ (belụsọ maka nje ụfọdụ nwere DNA nwere ọnya), macromolecule DNA nwere ihe olu abụọ nke ntọala nitrogenous dịịrị ibe ha. Igwe a nwere akụkụ abụọ nwere oghere. N'ozuzu, ihe ana - akpọ molecule DNA ana - akpọ ““ helix abụọ ”.

A na-ahụta ihe anọ dị iche iche nke ihe ndị na-enye ndụ ime n’ime DNA (adenine, guanine, thymine, na cytosine). A na - ejikọ ntọala nitrogenous nke otu n'ime agbụ na nitrogenous nke silsi nke ọzọ site na njikọ hydrogen dabere na usoro nke mmeju: adenine na-ejikọ naanị thymin, guanine - naanị na sitosin. Usoro nucleotide na-enye gị ohere 'itinye' ozi gbasara ụdị RNA dị iche iche, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ ozi ma ọ bụ matriks (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA) na iga (tRNA). A na - ekekọta ụdị RNA ndị a na matriks DNA site na i copomi usoro nke DNA na usoro RNA a na - eme n'oge ntughari ma sonye na protein biosynthesis (usoro ntụgharị). Na mgbakwunye na usoro ịtụkọta, DNA cell nwere usoro nke na-arụ ọrụ nhazi na arụ ọrụ.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) bụ otu n'ime atọ macromolecules (abụọ ndị nke ọzọ bụ DNA na protein), nke a na-ahụ n’ime sel nke ihe niile dị ndụ.

Dịka DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA mejupụtara eriri ogologo nke akpọrọ njikọ ọ bụla akpọrọ akpọrọ. Ngwukpu nke ọ bụla na-enwe isi ihe nitrogen nitri, sugar ribose na ìgwè nke phosphate. Usoro nucleotide na-enyere RNA aka ịkọwapụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ihe niile dị na mkpụrụ ndụ na-eji RNA (mRNA) mee mmemme protein.

RNA nucleotides nwere shuga - ribose, nke agbakwunyere ntọala ya na ọnọdụ 1 ': adenine, guanine, cytosine ma ọ bụ uracil. Otu fosifeti na - ejikọ ribose na agbụ, na - akpụkọta agbụ na atọ 'carbon atọm nke otu ribose na ọnọdụ 5' nke ọzọ. Ejiri ebubo Phosphate na physiological pH na-ezighi ezi, yabụ RNA bụ polyanion. Edere RNA ka ọ bụrụ polymer nke ntọala anọ (adenine (A), guanine (G), uracil (U) na cytosine (C), mana enwere ọtụtụ ntọala na sugars dị na RNA tozuru oke. Na mkpokọta, enwere ihe dị ka otu narị ụdị nucleotides gbanwere na RNA.

Ntọala nitrogenous na mejupụtara RNA nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen n'etiti cytosine na guanine, adenine na uracil, yana n'etiti guanine na uracil. Agbanyeghị, mmekorita ndị ọzọ ga-ekwe omume, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọtụtụ adenines nwere ike imepụta akaghị, ma ọ bụ akaghị nke nwere nucleotides anọ, n’ime ya bụ njikọta adenine - guanine base.

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke RNA nke na-ekewapụ ya na DNA bụ ọnụnọ nke hydroxyl otu n'ọnọdụ '2 nke ribose, nke na-enye ohere ka ero RNA dị adị na A, karịa mgbanwe B, nke a na-ahụkarị na DNA. A-ụdị nwere nnukwu uzo miri emi ma dị warara na obere uzo miri emi na obosara. Nsonaazụ nke abụọ nke ọnụnọ nke otu '' hydroxyl 2 bụ plastik conformally, ya bụ, na-esonye na nguzobe nke helix abụọ, akụkụ nke molekul RNA nwere ike iji kemịkal wakpo agbụ phosphate ndị ọzọ wee kpochapụ ha.

“Dị “arụ ọrụ” nke otu RNA nke nwere ọnya, dịka nke protein, na-enwekarị ụlọ ọrụ dị elu. A na-eme usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ntọala nke ihe nke abụọ mepụtara site na njikọta hydrogen n'ime otu otu. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche dị na nhazi nke abụọ - stem loops, loops and pseudo-nodes.

E nwere ụzọ ọdịiche atọ dị n'etiti DNA na RNA:

DNA nwere shuga deoxyribose, RNA nwere ribose, nke nwere ihe ọzọ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere deoxyribose, hydroxyl group. Otu a na - eme ka olile anya nke hydrolysis nke molekul, ya bu, belata nkwụsi ike nke moodu RNA.

Mgbakwunye nucleotide na adenine na RNA abụghị mymin, dị ka ọ dị na DNA, mana uracil bụ ụdị ọgwụ thyim na-enweghị ike.

DNA dị n'ụdị helix gbara abụọ nwere ihe abụọ dị iche iche. Mkpụrụ ndụ RNA dị, ná nkezi, ha dị mkpụmkpụ ma dịkwa ọtụtụ.

Nchịkwa ihe omimi banyere ụmụ irighiri ihe RNA na-arụ ọrụ, gụnyere tRNA, rRNA, snRNA na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ na - anaghị etinye protein, gosiri na ha enweghị otu helix ogologo, mana nke obere helices dị mkpụmkpụ dị nso na ha na-akpụ ihe yiri ya. usoro nke protein. N'ihi nke a, RNA nwere ike ịnabata mmeghachi nke kemịkalụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, etiti transperase peptidyl nke ribosome na-etinye aka na njikọ nke peptide na-edozi ihe mejupụtara RNA kpamkpam.

Nri cholesterol - kedu ihe ọ bụ

Cholesterol bụ ihe dị mkpa na sel ahụ. Ọ na - eme ka ọtụtụ kemikal dị n’ahụ anyị. Ihe ndi ndu sitere na ndu ha, ihe omimi ha putara na cholesterol.

• Steroid: homonụ cortisol, aldosterone,
• Ya na homonụ nwoke na nwanyị: estrogens, progesterone, testosterone,
• Vitamin D
• Synthesis nke bile acid.

Cholesterol bụ ihe mevalonic acid sitere. Guzosi nke mevalonate na aru oru acetate. Mgbe ahụ, a na-eme squalene, cholesterol amalitekwalarị site na ya. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụrụ na-enweghị nkwarụ sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ, a na-ahazi ụmụ irighiri ihe mmadụ DNA n'ime ya iji chịkwaa mmeju nke cholesterol zuru oke.

Gịnị bụ ihe a na gịnị bụ ọrụ ya?

Cholesterol ma obu cholesterol bu ihe ndi choro mmanya. A na - achọta ya nke ọma n'ọdịdị akwara na anụ ahụ. Mana karịa n’ime imeju.

Cholesterol na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa iji bayoloji:

• Mepụta nke akpụkpọ ahụ nke hepatocytes. Lestmụ cholesterol na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mgbidi akwara.
• Mgbaze. Ngwakọta nke bile acid, cholesterol na-ekere òkè na mgbaze nri sitere na anụmanụ. Yana bile, ọ banye n’ime eriri afọ, ebe ọ na - eme ka abụba ghara ịdị.
• Nkesa site na akwara ọbara dịka akụkụ nke lipoproteins, nke nwere mmetụta dị mma ma ọ bụ na-adịghị mma na arịa. Ọ bụrụ na cholesterol agbakwunyere na lipoproteins dị ala ma ọ bụ dị ala, ọ na-enwe ike ikere ha n'ime ọnya ọbara, na-eme ka mmebi atherosclerotic.
• Biosynthesis nke homonụ steroid. Dabere na cholesterol, a na-emepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ hormone - glucocorticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, steroid nwoke na nwanyị.
• Biotransformation nke cholecalciferol. Vitamin na-ekere òkè na-arụ ọrụ na akwara ike.

Bile acids

Cholesterol na-etinye aka na njikọ nke bile. Mmepụta bụ isi na-ewere ọnọdụ na imeju, emesịa a na-echekwa bile ahụ n'ime eriri afọ. Itu egwunye gi dika aru di nma ma o bido mgbe nri. Isi ọrụ nke acid bile n'ime ahụ gụnyere:

• Ntinye cholesterol n’ime
• Ntinye anụ ahụ vitamin na nri
• Absorption nke steroid nke osisi sitere,
• Na-agba ọsọ eriri afọ.

N'ikwu ya, Bile na-etinye aka na nnabata nke mmiri insolu. Mgbe gị na enzymes na-eme ka a na-emekọrịta ihe, bile na-ejide acidity nkịtị na obere eriri afọ.

Ngwakọta nke cholesterol Molecules

Site na ihe ndị a, homonụ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị, adrenal mineralocorticoids na glucocorticosteroids na-apụta. A na-etinye cholesterol na enzymes nri nke na-etinye na mgbaze nke protein na abụba. Nke mbu, ihe ndi a bu abuba abuba na bile n’onwe ya. Cholesterol bụ akụkụ nke ihe arụ ọrụ bayoloji dị mkpa maka nkesa nke mkpụrụ ndụ site na otu sel gaa na nke ọzọ. Molecules nke cholesterol na-abanye na njikọ nke cholecalciferol - vitamin D.

Cholic acid

A na - eme ka atọmu monocarboxylic acid a n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ akwara n’oge ịzu ala cholesterol. Ọ bụ nke otu ụdị bile asịd. A na-emepụta ihe ruru 300 mg na ahụ mmadụ kwa ụbọchị. N'ime eriri afọ, ọ nọ na njikọta na taurine, yana glycine. N'ime ụdị kemịkalụ ndị dị otú a, bele agaghị enwe ike ịhazi nnu nnu ke blọary tract na eriri afọ ya.

Site na enweghi ume nke ihe a n’ime aru, a na-atụ aro iji ọgwụ eji eme ọgwụ ọgwụ na capsules.

Deoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic na lithocholic acid

Chenodeoxycholic na-ezokarị aka na nke bụ isi ọ bụ sọsọ nke cholesterol na sel nke imeju. Ihe dị ka 30% nke ngụkọta nke bile acid na-ada na chenodeoxycholic.

N'ime ụmụ mmadụ, ihe a na-emetụta metabolism na ndakpọ nke cholesterol. A na-eji nkwadebe ọgwụ ọgwụ dabere na acid a iji gwọọ ọrịa gallstone. Nsonaazụ ọgwụ ga-adị irè naanị ma ọ bụrụ na okwute bụ mkpụrụ osisi cholesterol, na-enweghị calcification.

Deoxycholic na lithocholic bụ acid bile nke abụọ. Ihe ndia bu uzo mbu nke ekpughere n’aru umu anumanu na ahu. Ihe abuo a na etinye aka na nhazi nke metabolism nke mmanu mmanu na akpalite oke cholesterol na hepatocytes.

Homonụ na-adọpụta ma ọ bụ steroid

Ihe homonụ nwere kọlestrọl, bụ nke akụkụ glands na nke adrenal. Themfọdụ n’ime ha bụ:

• Nwoke testosterone na androgen. Ha na-ahụ maka mpụta nke ụdị mmekọahụ dị na nwoke na nwanyị spermatogenesis - ịkpụbe spam Nkeji nke nwere ike ifati akwa. Testosterone na cholesterol nwere mmekọrịta doro anya, ọ bụrụ na ị attentiona ntị na nguzozi ha na ọbara mmadụ.
• Esmụ nwanyị homonụ nwanyị. A na-etinye cholesterol na estrogen.
• Mineralocorticoids nke gland adrenal.
• Adrenal Glucocorticosteroids.

Acid cholesterol

Ha na-akpọ bile. A na-agwakọta ọgwụ ndị a cholesterol ozugbo na hepatocytes. Dika ihe ndi ozo di n’ime bile, ha n’enye aka ime ka abuba ndi anumanu me ka ihe di nfe. Usoro hydrolysis a na - eme na oghere nke obere eriri afọ. A na - ekewa Bile acid n’ime usoro ndị a:

• Cholevaya. Ọ bụ isi. Ume a nwere ike itolite n’enye ikike nke enzymes hydroxylase. Ihe sitere na ya bụ glycocholic na taurocholic acid. Ha nwere hydrophilic radicals na hydrophobic steroid nuclei.
• Deoxycholic. Ude a bụ mkpụrụ nke abụọ nke cholic acid. Na-enyere aka emulsify abụba.
• Chenodeoxycholic. Ọ bụ isi bile acid. Mepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe ana - eme n ’nototinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
• Litocholeic. Ihe mejupụtara nke abụọ. Concentta ahụ dị ala ala karịa acid ndị a dị n'elu.

Vitamin Cholecalciferol

A na-akpọkwa ya Vitamin D. A na-emepụta ihe a site na ịchafụ nke cyclopentanperhydrophenanthrene. Na-esochi nke a, hydroxylation nke ụmụ irighiri amịpụtara na ntinye oxygen na - eme. Nsonaazụ nke usoro ndu mmiri ndị a bụ nzụpụta nke calcitriol, nke esite na - eme ka ụdị vitamin D ikpeazụ pụta. Nke ikpeazụ na - esonye na njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ nke calcium n'ime akụkụ siri ike nke sistem.

Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịnweta vitamin D na-enweghị ogige a. Laghachi na tebụl ọdịnaya

Ọrụ na uru nke chorelerol dị iche iche

Bile acid dịpụrụ iche yana akụkụ nke bile na-ekere òkè na hydrolysis nke ihe dị mgbagwoju anya sitere na anụmanụ. Ya mere, ha na-akpali mgbaze anụ n'ime obere eriri afọ. Cholesterol na homonụ nwekwara mmekọrịta doro anya. Na-enweghị ihe nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ka nwoke na nwanyị nwee mmekọahụ, ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche egosighi akara nke abụọ, nke na-aka njọ ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa. Na steroid adrenal nwere mmetụta kpọmkwem n'ahụ ahụ yana sistem niile, na-ahụ na uto ha na arụ ọrụ ha. Enweghi usoro ozo cholesterol, cholecalciferol, ọkpụkpụ mmadụ ga-agbanwe agbanwe. N ’withmụaka nwere oke vitamin D na-enweghị ike ma ọ bụ ụkọ cholesterol, a na-etolite ọrịa siri ike - rickets. Ọzọkwa, na-enwe ụkọ, ọnya ọrịa kansa na-eme na agam.

Progestins

Progestins bụ homonụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ihe mmemme cholesterol nke emepụtara na akwa ụmụ nwanyị. Homonụ ndị a na-etinye aka na idobe afọ ime na ịkwadebe akpanwa endometrium maka ịchekwa akwa. Site n'iwepụta progestins nkịtị, ihe egwu nke neoplasms dị n'ime obi na oghere nke akwara na-ebelata.

Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticosteroids bụ ihe dị mkpa cholesterol maka ahụ a na - eme na klasị adrenal. Isi ọrụ nke homonụ steroid ndị a gụnyere ihe ndị a:

• Mgbochi mmetụta ujo na mgbochi mkpali,
• Ntinye aka na ike metabolism, ịbawanye ụba glycogen synthesis,
• Na-egbochi ịda ọrịa hypoglycemia,
• Soro na usoro mgbochi,
• Belata mmeghachi omume mbufụt
• Ha nwere mmetụta nfụkasị ahụ.

Karịsịa, cortisol, nke bụ cholesterol, na-ahụ maka metabolism nke carbohydrates, na -eme ka ike ị nweta ike.

Mineralocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids na-edozi metabolism mmiri-nnu. Aldosterone, ihe eji eme cholesterol, bu ihe di nkpa na subclass a ma site na nkpuru ohia adrenal. Steroid a na - etinye aka na nhazi usoro ọbara ọgbụgba. N'otu oge, ọ na - enyere anụ ahụ aka ichekwa mmiri chọrọ. Ya mere, a na-edozi turgor na elasticity anụ ahụ.

Androgens na estrogens

Androgens, ihe dị iche iche nke cholesterol, gụnyere homonụ nwoke na nwanyị. Androgens na-abawanye mmepụta nke protein, ebe na-egbochi nsị ha. Mee ngwa ngwa glucose ma gbochie hyperglycemia. Androgens na-enyere aka iwelie akwara na ike, belata oke abụba subcutaneous. Testosterone, nke bụ cholesterol, na-ahụ maka mmepe nke akparamagwa mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke.

Estrogens bụ homonụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emepụta site na gland adrenal, na ụmụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ule nke ụmụ nwoke. Estrogen, nke sitere na cholesterol, na-etinye aka na oge nsọ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Estrogens na - enyere aka belata lipids na cholesterol n'ime ọbara, ebe ọ na - abawanye triglycerides. Nke a na-akpali usoro nke lipids nke nri, ma ọ bụ oke njupụta nke lipoproteins. Ha na-enyekwa aka na mmụba na ụba nke iron n’arụ na n’ọbara niile.

Vitamin D na Cholestanos

A na-emepụta vitamin D, ihe dị na cholesterol site na kọntaktị na anụ ahụ nke ụzarị anyanwụ, nke na-akpali usoro njikọ. Nke a na vitamin na-enyere ahụ aka inweta magnesium, calcium, si otú a na-ekere òkè na usoro nke mmepe na mmepe nke ọkpụkpụ, ezé. Vitamin D na-edozi mmepụta insulin ma na-etinyekwa aka na metabolism nke phosphorus.

Amabeghị ọgwụ cholestanos steroid, nke malitere na cholesterol. Ọ na-agbakọ na gren adrenal. A na-amụ nyocha nke njirimara ọrụ ya.

Ngwongwo ndi dị mkpa nke vitamin D gụnyere mmetụta dị mma na sistemụ ụjọ na mgbochi nke sclerosis. Mmepụta vitamin D zuru ezu na-egbochi ike ọkpụkpụ na mmepe nke osteoporosis.

Cholesterol bụ ihe dị mkpa na nchịkọta nke kemịkalụ kachasị mkpa na ahụ anyị. Na-aga n'ọdịdị aka nri, achọrọ nri sitere na anụmanụ iji gboo mkpa cholesterol. Ọ dị mkpa ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ lipid n'ime ókè kwesịrị ekwesị, ebe ọ bụ na hypocholesterolemia dị oke egwu dị ka hyperlipidemia.

Gịnị bụ steroid na anabolics

N’ikwu ya hoo haa, steroid abụghị ọgwụ maka novice bodybuilders, mana otu homonụ.

Ọ gụnyere corticoids, nke eriri afọ adrenal na-emepụta, yana kemikal kemịkalụ na-arụ ọrụ nke glands nwoke mepụtara.

Ihe kacha mkpa nwoke bụ homonụ bụ testosterone. O nwere oru abuo abuo:

• androgenic - mmepe na mmezi nke njiri mara nwoke na nwanyị nke kachasị mara nke ụmụ nwoke (nhazi pụrụ iche nke nkwanye abụba, olu dị ala, ito eto na ihu na obi, wdg),
• anabolic - nguzobe na ichekwa akwara di egwu.

N’ịmụta banyere ọrụ nke ihe a n’ime afọ iri atọ, ndị sayensi nwara iji ya mee ihe mgbe ọ na-ekepụta ọgwụ ike maka ndị nwere oke olu.

E wepụrụ testosterone eke ngwa ngwa na adịghị mma maka ojiji. Mgbe ahụ mepụtara usoro ya nke nwere akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị - 17 - alfa - alkylate, 17 - beta - ether na 1 - methyl.

Site na ngwakọta ndị a, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụ niile a maara ugbu a dị ka anabolic steroid, ma ọ bụ anabolics, bụ ndị mejupụtara.

Ha gosipụtara onwe ha dịka ihe na-akpali uto nke uru ahụ, mana ha nwere obere mmetụta ọzọ nke hormone mbụ - androgen.

Kedu ihe kpatara anyị ji achọ ngwaahịa ngwaahịa testosterone: nkọwa ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji anabolics eme ihe maka "mgbapụta". N’afọ 70 ruo narị afọ gara aga, ndị Olympia nọdụrụ ala n’elu ha. N'oge a, ewulite ahụ malitere na ejiji. Ndị na-eme steroid nwere mmasị ọbụna n'ebe ụmụ okorobịa kwụsịrị ịga akwụkwọ.

• mee ka ọ bụghị naanị olu ike, kamakwa ike,
• nyere aka ịzụrụ onwe gị na ọzụzụ ma gbakee ngwa ngwa mgbe (ihe ha na - abawanye resynthesis nke creatine phosphate, ihe na - agbanwe ike na anụ ahụ).

Na iji gbachitere steroid, ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye ya na a ka na-ejikwa ya na ọnọdụ mbụ - dị ka ọgwụ. Edere ha n'akwụkwọ maka ụdị ọrịa akpịrị na ọnya na-arịa mmadụ, mgbe mmadụ nwere oke ibu na-ezughi ezu ike ya. E nyere ụmụ nwoke ọgwụ testosterone mgbe ntụzịaka (iwepụ testicles, na-abụkarị mkpa maka ụdị ọrụ radical a na-ebilite na cancer).