Ọrịa shuga na ihe niile gbasara ya

Ọrịa nke metabolism abụba. Site na ụkọ insulin, ịba glucose na anụ ahụ adipose na ịmepụta abụba site na carbohydrates na-ebelata, resynthesis nke triglycerides si abụba na-ebelata. A na-eme ka mmetụta lipolytic nke STH dị, nke insulin na-egbochikarị. N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ nke abụba a na-ejikọtaghị n'ike site na adipose anụ ahụ na-abawanye ma a na-ebelata abụba na ya, nke na-eduga ná mmụba ma na-abawanye ọdịnaya ọbara nke abụba a na-edozibeghị. A na-emeghari acid ndị a na imeju n'ime triglycerides, emepụtara ihe tupu emee ya maka imeju abụba. Nke a anaghị eme ma ọ bụrụ na mmepụta nke lipocaine anaghị agbagha na pancreas (n'ime sel epithelial nke obere ducts). Nke ikpeazu na-akpali ọrụ nke nri mmanụ nri nke nwere ihe dị ndụ na methionine (chiiz ụlọ, nwa atụrụ, wdg). Methionine bụ onyinye nye methyl maka choline, nke bụ akụkụ nke lecithin, nke a na-ewepụ abụba site na imeju. Ọrịa mamịrị mellitus, nke mmepụta Lipocaine anaghị enye nsogbu, ka a na-akpọ islet. Ibu oke imeju adighi eme. Ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara insulin insulin na ezighi ezi nke lipocaine, ngụkọta ọrịa shuga na-amalite, yana oke imeju na-ebute. N'ime mitochondria nke mkpụrụ ndụ ịba ọcha n'anya, a na-eke ahụ ketone kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ site na abụba abụba a na-achọghị.

Anụ ndị Ketone. Ndị a gụnyere acetone, acetoacetic na p-hydroxybutyric acid. Ha yiri ihe owuwu ma nwee nghọtahie. Ahụ Ketone na-etolite na umeji, na-abanye n'ọbara ọbara ma si ebe ahụ gaa na ngụgụ, akwara, akụrụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ na akwara, ebe a na-enweta oxidized na usoro tricarboxylic acid gaa na COz na mmiri. Ogige ọbara ahụ kwesịrị inwe 0.002-0.025 g / l nke anụ ketone (na usoro acetone).

Ihe ndi a bu ihe di nkpa n ’uzo eji aru aru nke ketone n’aria oria mamellitus:

1) ịba ụba ntụgharị nke abụba sitere na dekers na abụba ma mee ngwangwa nke anụ ahụ ketone,

2) igbu oge na resynthesis nke ọdụdụ abụba n'ihi oke nke NADP,

3) mmebi nke oxidone nke ketone ahụ n'ihi mkpochapụ usoro okirikiri nke Krebs, nke oxalacetic na a-ketoglutaric acid na-adọpụ uche "n'ihi ụba gluconeogenesis.

Na ọrịa shuga mellitus, ịta ahụ mmadụ ketone na-abawanye ọtụtụ oge (hyperketonemia) ha wee malite inwe nsí. Ahụ ndị dị na ketone na-egbu egbu na-eme ka insulin ghara ịrụ ọrụ, na-eme ka mmetụta insulin insulin na-abawanye. A na-emepụta “ajọ gburugburu”. Hyperketonemia bụ ntụpọ nke ọrịa metabolic na ọrịa shuga. Ihe acetone kachasị dị na ya, nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa nọ okpukpu atọ karịa ịdị elu nke acetoacetic na (3-hydroxybutyric acid) Acetone nwere mmetụta na-emebi mkpụrụ ndụ, na-agbaze mkpụrụ ndụ akwara, na-egbochi ọrụ nke enzymes, na-egbochi ọrụ nke sistemụ akwara etiti. Ọ bụ ihe dị na pathogenesis nke nnukwu nsogbu ọrịa shuga mellitus - ọrịa shuga Ọ na-egosipụta mwepu nke mmụọ, nchikota umeji nke na-adịghị ike, mbelata ọbara mgbali elu. oge ume iku ume (dika Kussmaul), mkpochapu nke reflexes, ọrịa shuga na-esonyere acidosis siri ike na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịba uru, acidosis na-agbagọkwa, pH ọbara na-ada ka 7.1 - 7.0 ma ọ bụ nke ala. A na-ahụkarị ozu Ketone na mmamịrị na n'ụdị nnu sodium (ketonuria) .N'ihi nke a, osmotic ume mmamịrị na-abawanye, nke na-eme ka polyuria na-eme ka nchịkọta nke sodium n'ọbara belata.Na mgbakwunye, na erughi insulin, sodium reabsorption na akụrụ gbasara akụrụ mbelata. Yabụ, na mmụba dị elu nke shuga ọbara n'ihi ọgwụgwọ insulin na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu, ọbara ọgbụgba osmotic nwere ike ịbelata nke ọma. Enwere ihe ọghọm nke ịmalite ime ụbụrụ. Na-arịa ọrịa shuga, cholesterol metabolism na-agbagha. Acidgabiga acetoacetic acid na-abanye na cholesterol - hypercholesterolemia na-etolite.

Mmebi nke protein metabolism. A na-ebelata protein na protein n'ime shuga, dị ka:

1) mmetụta na - akpali akpali nke insulin na sistemụ enzymatic nke njikọ a na - agbadata ma ọ bụ belata nke ọma,

2) na-ebelata ọkwa nke ike metabolism, na-enye protein protein na imeju,

3) imebi omume nke amino acid site na membranes cell.

N'ihe banyere insulin erughi, a na-ewepụ breeki ahụ na enzymes nke gluconeogenesis ma enwere * glucose kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ sitere na amino acid na abụba. N'okwu a, amino acid na-amị amonia, na-abanye a-keto acid, nke na-aga n’ihu n’ụkpụrụ nke carbohydrates. Ummakọ amonia na emeju urea, yana mmanu-a-keto-glutaric acid nwere njikọ nke glutamate. Iri a-ketoglutaric acid na-abawanye, na-enweghị nke ike nke usoro Krebs na-ebelata. Enweghi ike nke okirikiri nke Krebs na-atụnye ụtụ na ụba nke acetyl-CoA na, yabụ, ahụ ketone. N'ihi nwayọ nke iku ume anụ ahụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ịmalite nke ATP na-ebelata. Na enweghi ATP, ike nke imeju na-eme ka protein julata.

Yabụ, n'ihe gbasara insulin ụkọ, nduku protin na-enwe njikọ karịa. N'ihi nke a, usoro plastik na-ebelata, mmepụta ihe na - egbochi mbelata, ọnya na - agwọ ọnya njọ, na nguzogide anụ ahụ na - ebelata. Na ụmụaka, azụ na-akụ azụ na-apụta. Site na ụkọ insulin, ọ bụghị naanị na ọnụ, kamakwa ọ na-emebi mmezu protein, na-agbanwe paraproteins ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, a na-achọpụta protein glycosylated n'ọbara. Ejikọtara ha na emebi mgbidi nke arịa ọbara - angiopathy. Ndị angiopathies na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na pathogenesis nke ọtụtụ nsogbu siri ike nke ọrịa shuga mellitus (ọdịda akwara ọbara, ọrịa retinopathy, wdg).

Addbọchị agbakwunye: 2015-06-10, Nlele: 3699, DBỌCH OR AHDRD

Carbohydrate nsogbu metabolic na-arịa ọrịa shuga

Ọkpụkpụ carbohydrate na-emetụta ya na ọrịa shuga mellitus (DM) na-akwalite usoro nke ọrịa ahụ. Achọpụtaghị ihe ịtụnanya a na mbadamba naanị - ọ dị mkpa ịmaliteghachi ibi ndụ: rie nri, na-emega ahụ, nwee ụra zuru ezu ma zere ọnọdụ ndị na-akpata nchekasị. Na mgbakwunye na ọrịa shuga, ọrịa metabolic na-eduga n'ọrịa ndị ọzọ.

Carbohydrate metabolism - gịnị ka ọ bụ?

Carbohydrates bụ ume maka ahụ. Ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ:

• nyere aka mgbochi,
• jikwa ike rụọ ọrụ,
• nye nchedo nke imeju,
• bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na mmepụta nke nucleic acid,
• eme ka homeostasis.

A na - enye metabolism Carbohydrate site na usoro nke usoro:

• Usoro glucose
• usoro ntụgharị nke glycogen ka glucose rụrụ na akwara na umeji.
• mepụta carbohydrates site na nri obere carb,
• ntụgharị nke carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya n’ime carbohydrates dị mfe n’akụkụ ahụ nke digestive.

N'ime ahụike, carbohydrates na-enye sel nke ume n'ihi calorie nke nri riri ma ọ bụ mee abụba. Ọdịda nke carbohydrate metabolism na-eduga na mgbanwe n'ọbara shuga. Ole glucose di 3.3-5.5 mmol / L. Na nsogbu nke metabolic, ihe ngosi a nwere ike ibelata ma nwekwuo.

Laghachi na tebụl ọdịnaya

Kedu ka ọrịa shuga si emetụta metabolism metabolism?

Nhazi nke glycoproteins na-eduga na mmepe nke angiopathy.

Nkwalite mmepe maka ụdị shuga 2 bụ insulin nke na-ezughị ezu.Site na mbelata nke mmepụta ya ma ọ bụ mbelata ọrụ, metabolism metabolism na-agbagha. Pathophysiology nke metabolism:

1. Ihe ndị na-egbu glucose n’ime sel na-ebelata. Ọbara shuga na-eto, usoro na-enweghị insulin nke mmịpụta shuga na-abawanye, dịka ọmụmaatụ, polyol shunt, mgbe enwetara glucose na-aga n'ihu usoro mweghachi, na-agbanwe n'ime sorbitol, mgbe nke a gasịrị ọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ fructose. N'ụzọ dị mwute, usoro a bụ naanị sorbitol dehydrogenase, enzyme nwere insulin na-adabere. Mgbalị nke usoro a na-agbakọ sorbitol na anụ ahụ, na-amụba ohere nke ịmalite neuropathy na cataracts.
2. Nhazi nke glycoproteins na-eduga na mmepe nke angiopathies (atony nke vaskụla mgbidi).
3. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hemoglobin glycated na-abawanye.
4. Usoro glucuronate na-akwalite nguzobe nke glycosaminoglycans. Ihe ndị a na-enye aka na mmepe nke ogbu na nkwonkwo (mgbanwe trophic na nkwonkwo) na ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga.

Describedzọ ndị akọwara maka ntụgharị glucose na-enweghị insulin adịghị enye ọrụ bụ isi - saturation ike. Ihe ịtụnanya na - apụta - enwere glucose ezuru n'ọbara, sel ndị ahụ na-enwe agụụ. Glucogenesis na-arụ ọrụ, mana, n'ihi enweghị insulin, mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị ike imeju glucose a. Hyperglycemia nke kwụsiri ike, enweghi ike na oxygen na mkpụrụ ndụ na-amalite. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hemoglobin glycated na-abawanye, nke na-abawanye hypoxia.

Laghachi na tebụl ọdịnaya

Ihe mgbaàmà nke metabolism ike na-arịa ọrịa shuga

Ọrịa metabolic nwere ntakịrị ihe mgbaàmà dị iche iche dabere na ụba nke carbohydrates. Na enweghi carbohydrates, onye ọrịa na-eche ihu ngosipụta ndị a:

Ọnwụ nwere ike ịpụta mmalite nke imebi metabolism metabolism n’ahụ.

• ịda mba, enweghị mmasị,
• ifelata
• iro ụra, adịghị ike,
• ọbara ọgbụgba dị ala
• ketoacidosis.

Karịa carbohydrates:

• ọbara mgbali elu
• ọbara mgbali elu
• oke ọrụ
• anụ ahụ na-ama jijiji
• pathology nke akwara obi.

Ọrịa ndị mepụtara n'ihi mmebi nke metabolism metabolism na akara ha ka akọwapụtara na tebụl:

Laghachi na tebụl ọdịnaya

Carbohydrate metabolism

Sleepra ezigbo ụra na-enyere aka weghachite metabolism na ahụ.

A pụrụ ịgwọ ọrịa carbohydrate na shuga ma ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ agbanwee ndụ ya kpamkpam. Ere ọgwụ naanị ezughị. Anyi gha edobe nri, megharia oge niile ma hie ezigbo ụra. Ọgwụ ọgwụ na-achọ ikpochapụ ihe na-akpata mmepe nke ọrịa. Onye ọrịa ahụ na-enyocha ọmụmụ homonụ zuru oke. Ọ pụtara na-enye aka na nhazi nke usoro metabolic:

• mgbagwoju vitamin
• homonụ
• enzymes
• hemostatics
• ọgwụ antithrombotic
• amino acid
• biostimulants.

Maka inyejuzu ahihia karie, mmadu kwesiri iguzobe ihe omuma ya dika ichoo ike.

Ejila ihe na-atọ ụtọ, ajuju nri nke carbohydrate maka nri abalị, a notụla kuki na tii, ajuju iwe. Ọ ka mma ịhapụ igwe mbuli elu iji kwado steepụ. A na-atụ aro ka ị jiri ụkwụ gaa ọrụ ma ọ bụ site na ọdụ ụgbọ metro ma enwere ike. Walksgagharị na egwuregwu kwesịrị arụ abụrụla akụkụ dị na ndụ mmadụ yana metabolism na-enye nsogbu na ndụ ya.

Ọrịa nke metabolism lipid na-arịa ọrịa shuga mellitus: mmetụta nke insulin

Insulin na-etinye aka na nhazi nke metabolism, nnyefe nnyefe nke ion, amino acids. Mmetụta insulin na metabolic metabolism siri ike ikwubiga. Ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-egosikwa ihe ịrịba ama nke metabolism na-emejọ.

Achọpụtara ọrịa shuga mellitus na oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọrịa na-akpata ọrịa metabolism dị iche iche. Ọrịa shuga, ọrịa physiology nke nwere ike ịdị iche iche nke ukwuu, dị n'ọkwa nke atọ mgbe ọrịa oncology na ọrịa obi. Enwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 100 na-arịa ọrịa shuga n'ụwa. Kwa afọ 10, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrịa shuga na-aghọ karịa ugboro abụọ.

Ndị mmadụ sitere na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na ihe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mba ndị mepere emepe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ nke ọrịa. Ọrịa metabolism na ọrịa shuga mellitus na-eduga n'ọrịa dị iche iche. Ọrịa shuga 2dị nke Abụọ na-ahụkarị ndị mmadụ mgbe afọ iri anọ na anọ gachara.

Usoro nke insulin

N'afọ 1869, Langerhans chọtara agwaetiti dị na pancreas nke a mechara kpọwa ya aha ya. Ọ bịara mara na ọrịa shuga nwere ike ịpụta mgbe ewepụchara gland.

Insulin bụ protein, ya bụ, polypeptide nke nwere eriri A na B. Ejikọtara ha na agba agba abụọ na-emebi emebi. A maara ugbu a na mkpụrụ ndụ beta na-akpụzi ma na-echekwa ya. Insulin na-emegharị ya anya site na enzymes ndị na-eweghachi agbụ ma na-akpọ "insulinase." Ọzọkwa, enzymes proteolytic na-etinye aka na hydrolysis nke agbụ ruo n'akụkụ akụkụ ahụ dị ala.

Ekwenyere na isi ihe na - egbochi insulin insulin bụ n'ọbara n'onwe ya, yana homonụ hyperglycemic:

TSH, catecholamines, ACTH, STH na glucagon n'ụzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka adenylcyclase dị na sel ahụ. Nke ikpeazụ ahụ na-eme ka e guzobe ọgwụ cyclic 3,5 adenosine monophosphate, ọ na - eme ka ihe ọzọ dị - protein kinase, ọ na - akpali microtubules beta-Island, nke na - eduga n'ịbelata insulin.

Microtubules bụ usoro beta-cell nke na - eme ka insulin na - akpụkọta na mbụ na vesicles na akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ihe kachasị ike na - akwalite insulin bụ glucose ọbara.

Usoro nke insulin na-adabakwa na mmekọrịta dị na mmekọrịta nke onye mgbasa ozi intracellular 3,5 - GMF na 3,5 AMP.

Usoro nke metabolism metabolism

Gosiputa shuga gi ma obu hota okike maka ntuziaka.

Insulin na-emetụta metabolism nke carbohydrates na ọrịa shuga. Isi ihe jikọrọ ọrịa a bụ ụkọ ihe a. Insulin nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na metabolism metabolism, yana ụdị metabolism ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na insulin insulin na-ebelata, ọrụ ya na-ebelata, ma ọ bụ nnabata nke anụ ahụ na-adabere na mkpụrụ ndụ na - emebilata.

N'ihi mmebi nke metabolism metabolism na ọrịa shuga mellitus, ọrụ nke glucose na-eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ belata, olu ya na ọbara na-abawanye, na usoro glucose na-anọpụghị insulin na-arụ ọrụ.

Sorbitol shunt bụ ọnọdụ ebe a na-ebelata glucose na sorbitol, ma werezie ya mee ka ọ bụrụ fructose. Ma ọ bụrụ na iji insidation emechi emepe nwere insulin na-adabere. Mgbe polyol shunt na-arụ ọrụ, sorbitol na-agbakọta n'ime anụ ahụ, nke a na-enye aka n'ọdịdị nke:

Enwere glucose dị n’ime site na protein na glycogen, mana ọbụna ụdị glucose a adịghị anabata mkpụrụ ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na enweghi insulin. Aerobic glycolysis na pentose phosphate shunt na-ebelata, hypoxia cell na ụkọ ike na-apụta. Olu nke haemoglobin nke na-abawanye ụba, ọ bụghị nke na-ebugharị oxygen, nke na-eme ka hypoxia dịkwuo elu.

A pụrụ imebi metabolism protein n'ime ọrịa shuga:

1. hyperazotemia (ogo mụbara nitrogen residual nitrogen),
2. hyperazotemia (mmụba nke olu nke ogige nitrogen ke ọbara).

Ntọala nke protein protein bụ 0.86 mmol / L, yana ngụkọta nitrogen kwesịrị ịbụ 0.87 mmol / L.

Ihe na-akpata pathophysiology bụ:

• ụba protein catabolism
• mmebi nke amino acid na imeju,
• Nri nitrogen.

Nitrogen na-abụghị protein:

Nke a bụ n'ihi oke mbibi nke protein, ọkachasị na imeju na akwara.

Na mmamịrị na-arịa ọrịa shuga, olu nke nitrogen ogige na-abawanye. Azoturia nwere ihe ndị a:

• mmụba na mkpokọta nke ngwaahịa na nitrogen n'ime ọbara, nzuzo ha na mmamịrị,
• A na-eji metabolism abụba akpọrọ akpọ ketanemia, hyperlipidemia, ketonuria.

Na ọrịa shuga, hyperlipidemia na-etolite, nke bụ mmụba nke olu nke ọkwa lipid. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ha karịrị nke nkịtị, ya bụ, karịa 8 g / l. Ọrịa hyperlipidemia dị adị:

1. anụ ahụ na-eme ka lipolysis,
2. mgbochi nke lipid site na sel,
3. ụba cholesterol njikọ,
4. mgbochi nke nnyefe nke oke ọdụdụ asịd na sel,
5. mbelata nke ọrụ LPLase,
6. ketonemia - mmụba nke olu nke ketone n'ime ọbara.

N'ime otu ahu ketone:

• acetone
• acetoacetic acid
• p-hydroxymalic acid.

Mkpokọta olu nke ketone n'ime ọbara nwere ike ịdị elu karịa 30-50 mg%. Enwere ihe kpatara nke a:

1. lipolysis bidoro,
2. na-abawanye ụba n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ dị elu,
3. nkwusioru nke lipid synthesis,
4. mbelata nke ọxuru nke acetyl - CoA na hepatocytes na usoro nke aru ketone,

Itinye ahụ ketone tinyere mmamịrị bụ ngosipụta nke ọrịa shuga n'ọrịa na-adịghị mma.

• otutu ketone ahu nke na-aracha akụrụ
• nsogbu nke metabolism mmiri na-arịa ọrịa shuga, nke polydipsia na polyuria gosipụtara,

Polyuria bụ nje na-egosipụta n'ụkpụrụ na mmpụta mmamịrị na elu karịa ụkpụrụ dị mma. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị, a na-ahapụ 1000 ka 1200 ml n'otu ụbọchị.

Na ọrịa shuga, diureis kwa ụbọchị bụ 4000-10 000 ml. Ihe kpatara ya bu:

1. Hyperosmia nke mmamịrị, nke na - apụta n'ihi mwepụ nke glucose, ion, CT na mmiri ọgwụ. Yabụ, mmetọ mmiri dị na glomeruli na-akpali ma gbochie ndọghachi azụ,
2. Mmebi nke reabsorption na excretion, nke kpatara ọrịa neuropathy mamịrị,
3. Polydipsia.

Insulin na abụba metabolism

N'okpuru mmetụta nke insulin, imeju nwere ike ịchekwa naanị obere glycogen. Ọkpụkpụ glucose nke na-abanye n’arụ ga-amalite ịmị mkpụrụ nke ọ bụla ma sikwa otú a nọrọ ya n’ime sel, mana a gbanwere ha ka ọ bụrụ abụba, ọ bụghị glycogen.

Mgbanwe a na abụba bụ nsonazụ insulin, ọbara ebupụtara na usoro nke abụba na-ebuga ya na anụ ahụ adi adi. N'ime ọbara, abụba bụ akụkụ nke lipoproteins, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ịmepụta atherosclerosis. N'ihi usoro ogwu a, o nwere ike bido:

Nmepụta insulin na sel sel adipose yiri mmetụta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ imeju, mana ịmalite abụba na-arụ ọrụ n'ime imeju na-arụ ọrụ karịa, ya mere a na-ebugharị ya na ya na adipose anụ ahụ. A na-echekwa abụba dị n'ime sel dị ka triglycerides.

N'okpuru mmetụta nke insulin, a na-ebelata mmebi nke triglycerides na adipose anụ ahụ n'ihi mgbochi nke lipase. Na mgbakwunye, insulin na-arụ ọrụ njikọ nke abụba abụba site na mkpụrụ ndụ ma na-etinye ya na glycerol, nke dị mkpa maka njikọ nke triglycerides. N'ihi ya, ka oge na-aga, abụba na-agbakọta, gụnyere physiology nke ọrịa shuga mellitus.

Mmetụta insulin na abụba metabolism nwere ike ịgbaghari, site na ọkwa ya dị ala, a na-agbadata triglycerides ọzọ n'ime ọdụdụ na glycerol. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na insulin na-egbochi lipase na lipolysis na-arụ ọrụ mgbe ọ na-ebelata olu ya.

Agwukwo ahiri nke nwere abuba, nke edobere n'oge hydrolysis nke triglycerides, n’otu oge abanye n’ime obara, a na-ejikwa ya dika isi iyi ike n’arụ. Ochicha nke acid a nwere ike diri n’ime sel niile, ewepu sel akwara.

Nnukwu ibu nke abụba na-ewepụta mgbe enweghi insulin site na abụba ndị ahụ na-enweta umeji ọzọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ imeju nwere ike ime ka ihe na - eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ime ihe ọbụla ma mmadụ ejighị insulin. N'inweghi ihe a, a na-anakọta abụba na-apụtaghị na ihe mgbochi n'ime imeju n'ụdị triglyceride.

Maka nke a, ndị na - enwe insulin, na-agbanyeghịkarị ifelata, na-ebu oke ibu.

Ọkpụkpụ na - eme ka ọ dị n ’ike na - arụ ọrụ na ume ọrụ

Na ọrịa shuga, a na-ebelata insulin glucagon index. Nke a bụ n'ihi mbelata insulin insulin, yana mmụba nke mmepụta glucagon.

A na-egosipụta nrịba nke metabolism lipid na mellitus ọrịa shuga na mkpalite adịghị ike nke nchekwa na ịba ụba nke mkpokọta nke nchekwa. Mgbe ị risịrị nri, na steeti postabsorption bụ:

Ngwa nri na ngwu di n’ime ha, karia izobe ha dika fats na glycogen, n’agha n’ime ọbara. Ruo n’ókè ụfọdụ, usoro cyclic na-ebilite, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’otu oge usoro gluconeogenesis na glycolysis, yana usoro ọgbụgba abụba na njikọ.

Characteridị ọrịa shuga niile na-amata nnabata glucose dị ala, ya bụ, hyperglucosemia mgbe ị risịrị nri ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi afọ efu.

Ihe na - akpata hyperglucoseemia bụ:

• ojiji nke adipose akwara na akwara di nkpa, ebe n’enweghi insulin HLBT-4 ekpughere n’elu adipocytes na myocytes. Enweghị ike ichekwa glucose dị ka glycogen,
• Ejighị glucose na imeju maka ịchekwa n'ụdị glycogen, n'ihi na n'iji insulin na obere olu glucagon na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụ adịghị arụ ọrụ,
• Ejighị glucose imeju maka njikọ abụba. Glycolysis na enzymes dehydrogenase dehydrogenase dị n'ụdị. A na-egbochi ntụgharị nke glucose na acetyl-CoA, nke dị mkpa maka njikọ nke ọdụdụ abụba,
• a na-eme ka ụzọ gluconeogenesis rụọ ọrụ na mkpụmkpụ nke insulin na glucagon dị elu na njikọ glucose site na glycerol na amino acid ga-ekwe omume.

Ngosipụta ọzọ e ji mara shuga bụ ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ọbara dị elu nke lipoproteins, ahụ ketone na ọdụdụ abụba n'efu. A naghị edobe abụba a na-eri nri n'ime anụ ahụ adipose n'ihi na adipocyte lipase dị arụ ọrụ.

Ọdịnaya nke abụba abụba dị n'ime ọbara na-apụta. Abụba na-amịkọrọ abụba site na imeju, a na-agbanwe ụfọdụ n'ime ha na triacylglycerols, ha na-abanyekwa n'ọbara dịka akụkụ nke VLDL. Otu abụba abụba na-abanye id-oxidation na imeju mitochondria, a na-ejikwa acetyl-CoA guzobere maka njikọ nke ahụ ketone.

Nsonaazụ nke insulin na metabolism dịkwa na eziokwu ahụ bụ na na ntinye nke insulin n'ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche, arụ ọrụ nke abụba na mmebi nke lipsids triglyceride na-eme ngwa ngwa. Ọ na - eme ka abụba ghara ịba uru, bụ nke a na --eme ka abụba jupụta n'ọbara.

Ọdịdị gabigara ókè nke cAMP na-eduga n'ịbelata njikọta protein na ibelata HDL na VLDL. N'ihi mbelata nke HDL, mbelata cholesterol site na sel membranes na plasma ọbara na-ebelata. Cholesterol amalite itinyebere na mgbidi nke obere arịa, nke na-eduga n'ịbepụta ọrịa angiopathy na atherosclerosis.

N'ihi mbelata nke VLDL - abụba na - agbakọ na imeju, a na - apụkarị ya dịka akụkụ nke VLDL. A na-ebelata protein protein, nke na-ebute mbelata nke mgbochi, na mgbe ahụ, ezughi oke nke ndị ọrịa shuga na-efe efe na ọrịa na-efe efe. A maara na ndị nwere metabolism na-emetụta protein na-arịa ọrịa furun.

Nsogbu enwere ike

Microangiopathy bụ ọrịa mamịrị glomerulonephritis. N'ihi ọrịa mamịrị retinopathy nke ọrịa mamịrị, ndị na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-efunahụ ọhụụ na 70-90% nke ikpe. Karịsịa, ndị ọrịa mamịrị na-ebute ọnya.

N'ihi enweghi nke HDL, cholesterol riri oke na-eme n'ime sel. Yabụ, ọrịa obi obi ma ọ bụ ikpuchi endarteritis nwere ike ịpụta. Na nke a, etolite microangiopathy na nephritis.

Oria oria oria, oria oria na –ekpo ya na oria kari. N'ime ndị ọrịa mamịrị, usoro ezé na-ama jijiji ma na-emetụta nsị anụ ahụ.

Ihe na - akpata pathology nke microvessels n'ọnọdụ ndị a, o yikarịrị, bụ njikọ nke njikọta glucose na protein nke akwara vaskụla. N'okwu a, platelet na - ezobe ihe na - akpali uto nke akwara anụ ahụ dị larịị.

A na-ekwuputakwa nsogbu ndị na-akpata metabolism na eziokwu na mmebi imeju na-abawanye na umeji akụrụ azụ. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-emegharị ha dịka VLDL, nguzobe nke na-adabere na oke protein. Maka nke a, achọrọ ndị na-enye onyinye otu CHZ, ya bụ, choline ma ọ bụ methionine.

Ngwakọta choline na-akpali lipocaine, nke epithelium nke pancreatic na-emepụta. Enweghi ya na - ebute oke ibu nke imeju yana ịmalite ụdị ọrịa shuga na ngụkọta.

Enweghị insulin na-eduga na iguzogide ọrịa ndị na-efe efe. Ya mere, etolite ahihia.

Vidio dị n’isiokwu a ga-ekwu banyere nsonaazụ insulin n’ahụ.

Gosiputa shuga gi ma obu hota okike maka ntuziaka.

Carbohydrate metabolism na-arịa ọrịa shuga

Ọrịa shuga mellitus - otu ọrịa nke metabolic mara hyperglycemia, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke ntụpọ na nzuzo ma ọ bụ ihe insulin ma ọ bụ usoro abụọ ahụ.

DM bụ ọrịa endocrine dị ala nke jikọtara ya na erughi insulin zuru oke ma ọ bụ nke adịghị ya nso, yana mmebi nke ụdị metabolism niile.

Nye aka na mmepe nke ọrịa shuga:

• carbohydrates gabigara ókè na abụba nri,

Deficitinsulin na - eme mgbe:

• mbibi nke apịtị,

• mebiri ntụgharị nke proinsulin na insulin,

• mebiri insulin molekụla,

• ntụpọ nke ndị na-anabata ya na akụkụ ebumnuche.

• arụ ọrụ insulinase.

• ngafe nke homonụ mgbochi ime.

• Idị nke ọrịa shuga mellitus bụ nke aulinụ-insulin. Ọ na - eme n'oge mbibi nke mkpụrụ ndụ due n'ihi mmeghachi omume autoimmune.

Enweghị Nnukwu insulin.

• Typedị nke abụọ nke ọrịa shuga mellitus bụ nke na-abụghị insulin.

Ọ na - eme n'ihi mmerụ ahụ nke ibugharị ihe nrịba nke insulin ka ịgbado sel ma ọ bụ mebiri insulin mkpuchi.

Ihe mgbaàmà njiri mara shuga

1. Hyperglycemia kpatara:

-emebi iwu nke glucose na anụ ahụ,

-eme ihe nke homonụ nke mgbochi-homonụ.

3. Polyuria na polydipsia (akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ).

4. Ketonemia na ketonuria.

5. Azotemia na azoturia.

6. Mbelata mgbochi antioxidant.

• Enweghị insulin na mmụba dị ukwuu na mkpokọta nke mmiri ọgwụ homonụ mgbochi niile bụ ihe kpatara mmegharị nke lipolysis na mkpokọta FFA, nke na-enyere aka na arụpụta nke ketone ahụ.

• A na-eji abụba abụba dị ka ihe nwere ike, a na-eji acetyl-CoA eme ihe maka njikọ nke ahụ ketone.

• nnwale ọbara, anya mmiri,

• nnwale nnabata glucose (TSH),

• mkpebi nke glucose na acetone na mmamịrị.

Nnwale nnabata glucose - nyocha nke ike iji glucose n’oge mmega ahụ.

1. N’elu afọ efu ka ị tụọ shuga.

2. Isiokwu a drinksụ otu iko tii dị ụtọ (ibu). 1 g nke glucose kwa 1 n'arọ nke oke ahụ.

3. Ka awa 2 gachara, a na-ekpebi ọkwa suga ọzọ.

Nkịtị glucose ọbara dị n'ọbara:

• na afọ efu 3.3-5.5 mmol / l,

• 2 awa mgbe eri ihe na-erughị 7.8 mmol / l, shuga adịghị na mmamịrị ya,

• na-ebili dịka o kwere mee (ọ karịghị 80% nke mbụ) mgbe nkeji 60 gachara, belata ma mgbe awa 3 gachara.

Site na mellitus na-arịa ọrịa shuga, enwere ike ịnagide glucose

• glucose na-ebu ọnụ nwere ike ịdị nkịtị (ihe na-erughị 6.7 mmol / l),

• 2 awa mgbe ị risịrị nri, ọkwa glucose ọbara dị karịa 7.8-1-1 mmol / l,

Na ọrịa shuga pụtara ọrịa mellitus:

• ọkwa glucose na-ebu ọnụ (karịa 6.7 mmol / l),

• 2 awa mgbe itinyechara - karịa 11.1 mmol / l.

2. Ọrịa hyperglycemia siri ike. 3. Usoro insulin.

Carbohydrate metabolism ọrịa

Imebi hydrolysis na oriri nke carbohydrates

Anakpo carbohydrates adịghịzi na mmiri amylolytic enzymes nke eriri afọ (akwara a juiceụ pancreatic, wdg) ma ọ bụ disaccharidases. N'otu oge ahụ, carbohydrates na-esite na nri anaghị agbajikwa monosaccharides ma ghara ịmịkọrọ ha. A na-enwe agụụ Carbohydrate.

Mwepu nke carbohydrates na-ata ahụhụ mgbe glucose phosphorylation na mgbidi eriri afọ, nke na-eme n'oge mbufụt, mgbe ọ na-egbu nsị na-egbochi hexokinase enzyme.

Glycogenosis bụ otu ọrịa nke eketa eketa nke enweghị enzymes metụtara na njikọta ma ọ bụ ndakpọ nke glycogen.

-Dị-glycogenosis (aglykenosis) na-enwe ụkọ glycogen synthase. Ihe e ji mara ya bụ mbelata nke ukwuu na ụlọ ahịa glycogen na imeju, a na-ahụ hypoglycemic syndrome (rue mmepe nke coma). Site na ụkọ glycogen synthase, ndị ọrịa na-anwụ mgbe ha dị obere.

Enweghi enzymes nke dị na nbibi nke glycogen na-eduga na mkpo ya na akụkụ na akwara (table 5).

Ọrịa nke metabolism metabolism dị n'etiti

1. Ọnọdụ Hypoxic (ya na okuku ume ma ọ bụ mgbasa ọbara, yana oke obara, wdg). Usoro ntụgharị nke carbohydrates na-enwe mmeri n’elu aerobic. Exkari oke ke anụ ahụ na ọbara nke lactic na pyruvic acid. Acidosis na-eme. Usoro enzymatic na-ama jijiji. A na-ebelata usoro nke ATP.

2. Nsogbu banyere imeju, ebe akụkụ nke lactic acid na - agbakọtakọ ọzọ na glucose na glycogen. Site na mmebi imeju, resynthesis na-emetụta ya. Hyperlactidemia na acidosis na-etolite.

3. Hypovitaminosis B1. Ighapu ahihia nke PVC di ndu, n'ihi Vitamin B1 bụ akụkụ nke pylovate dehydrogenase. PVC na-emekọbiga ihe ókè ma kesaa ya na acid lactic, ọdịnaya nke ya na-abawanye. PVC bụ ihe nsị maka njedebe akwara. Site na mmụba na ịta ya site na ihe nke 2-3, ọgba aghara sensọ, neuritis, ahụ mkpọnwụ, wdg. Occurmepụta acetyl-KoA sitere na PVA na-ebelata.

Site na hypovitaminosis B1, ụzọ pentose phosphate nke metabolism metabolism na-akụghasị, ọkachasị, usoro nke ribose.

Tebụl 5. Ọrịa metụtara ọrịa glycogen metabolism

3. Ọrịa shuga mellitus: Naanị otu ihe ị ga-eme iji gwọọ ọrịa!

3.1. Shokwà mmiri a yi nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ!

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ị ga-amụta site na isi nke a na ụzọ ọhụụ maka ịchọpụta, ọgwụgwọ na igbochi ọrịa shuga, nke a na-amụ, na-atụ aro ma na-eme na United States (a na-eitatedomikarị na mba ndị mepere emepe, gụnyere Russia), ọbụghị naanị ihe na-ezighi ezi na enweghi arụ ọrụ, kamakwa mee ka ọ dịkwuo njọ n'ịbịaru nso na ime ka mmepe nke ọrịa shuga mellitus na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara ya.

Yabụ na nkwupụta dị otú ahụ eyighị ihe ndabere, isi okwu a ka ewepụtara na nyocha nke nrụrụaka a "na-egbu egbu". Mgbe ị na-amụ ihe ndị a, echefula ihe ndị a:

• Ọ bụrụ na gị ma ọ bụ ndị ị hụrụ n'anya na-arịa ọrịa shuga, kwesịrị ka gị na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike gị na-arụ ọrụ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-a medicationụ ọgwụ. Dọkịta nkịtị maara banyere ihe ọ kụziiri ọrịa shuga. O di nwute, dika ị ga - amụ ma emechaa, kuziere ma gaa n’izi n’izighi ezi. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta chọrọ gị nke ọma na ezi ahụike, jiri nlezianya na-arụ ọrụ ha, mana ọ bụghị ọrụ gị maka ndụ gị ... Ọ ga-abụ ihe enweghị nghọta na ị ga-ebugharị ibu ọrụ ahụike gị na ndị dọkịta.Ọ bụrụ na ịgaghị eche otu ahụ, ị ​​ga-aga ibibi ...

• Ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ bụ ntọala nke usoro “ọgwụgwọ” nke ọrịa shuga. Akwụkwọ a dabere kpamkpam na oke omuma gị nke ihe ndị dị n'akwụkwọ m Functional Nutrition 1.

• Isi okwu a abụghị nkuzi ọrịa shuga ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka ndị dọkịta. Ọ na - akọwa usoro mmụta anụ ahụ na - akpata mgbochi mmadụ niile, ewezuga “ọrịa nri”, nke ọrịa shuga na - abụkarị isi.

• Ọrịa - site na nri, ahụike - esitekwa na nri! Isiakwụkwọ a kọwara ụkpụrụ maka igbochi na igbochi ọrịa shuga n'ụdị nri nri. Principleskpụrụ ndị a dị mma ọbụlagodi maka ndị na - enweghị ike ime na-enweghị ọgwụ ọjọọ, mana ha nwere ike belata dose ahụ, zere ọdịdị nke nsonaazụ na - agbanwe agbanwe, meziwanye ọnọdụ ha n'ohere ma chere n'ụzọ dị mma maka ụbọchị mgbe usoro a pụrụ ịdabere na nke dị mma maka iweghachi ọrụ akwara.

• Iwepu ọrịa shuga site n'enyemaka nke nri na-edozi ahụ (yana nri na-edozi ahụ n'onwe ya) agaghị ekwe omume na-enweghị nri nri nke njiri mara ọkachamara (vitamin, mineral, ihe metụtara, enzymes, microflora intestinal, wdg). Anyaukwu nke onye nzuzu ga - emebi - nkọwa doro anya mana enweghị ezigbo ego n'okwu a. Ọ bụrụ n’ị na-agụta n ’ego mkpuchi nke na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ zuru oke, ma ọ bụ na-anwa ịchekwa ịdị mma nke ngwaahịa na nri nri, ị ga-enwerịrị nsonaazụ ị nwegoro. Ọbụlagodi na US, ọbụlagodi “ndị ogbenye” nwere ike ịkwụfu $ 1.5- $ 2 dollars kwa ụbọchị na ntinye ihe eji achọ mma.

N'ikpeazụ, mụ onwe m bụ onye e merụrụ emerụ n'oge gara aga nke nyochaghị ya, yabụ leghaara ụdị ọrịa shuga II nke ọrịa na-adịghị mma anya: ọrịa mamịrị, ọrịa mamịrị, ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ, ehighị ụra nke ọma, hypoglycemia, ike ọgwụgwụ, ụkwara ume ọkụ, periodontitis, sinusitis, osteoporosis, na nke gara aga. n'oge oke nrụgide, tiwara site na nnukwu ọrụ, wdg.

Onye na-akwapụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-enweghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ? ... Taa, ruo ókè o kwere mee mgbe ọ dị afọ 47, enwere m ahụ ike. Ee, agaghịzị m irighiri ezé, ezé, ntutu na akpụkpọ ahụ, dị ka nwa okorobịa, ma na ntachi obi, ọgụgụ isi na nke mmetụta uche, aga m enye ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke dị afọ iri abụọ ihe na-adịghị mma.

“Onye a na-eme mkpọtụ”, n’ikpeazụ, nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ, gosipụtara n’arụ ya na ịgwọ ọrịa shuga bụ naanị otu nzọ ụkwụ nakwa na ị nwere ike tufuekwa afọ na afọ zuru oke ma ghara ịgbake. Nzọụkwụ ọzọ bụ ịnabata onye iro n’onwe gị ma merie - ọ bụ nke gị!

Kekọrịta na peeji

Ọ dịghị ihe ekwu!

Kollokvium_obmen_uglevodov

Nchegbu nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa shuga. Ọ dị mkpa ijikwa mmega ahụ gị: ịrụbiga ọrụ ókè ma ọ bụ, n'ụzọ megidere, ndụ a na-agafe agafe nwere ike ibute mmụba shuga dị n'ọbara.

Ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-adịghị ala ala nwekwara ike ibute mgbaàmà hyperglycemia. N'ebe ndị nwere ọrịa shuga, hyperglycemia nwere ike ime n'ihi ị ofụ ọgwụ na-ebelata suga ma ọ bụ ntụtụ insulin.

Glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme ntụpọ (ọrịa Girke)

Hepatic phosphorylase ntụpọ - ọrịa hers

Nsogbu na-adịghị mma

Hypoglycemia n'oge afọ ime

Mmanya na-egbu egbu na ọgwụ

Ọrịa metabolism na-arịa ọrịa shuga. Usoro mmepe nke nsogbu. Ihe ngosi ulo oru.

Ọrịa metabolism na ọrịa shuga:

Mkpụrụ ndụ insulin na - enweta agụụ ike n'ihi ụkọ glucose (enweghị glycolysis)

Gluconeogenesis na-arụ ọrụ na imeju

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ na - anaghị egbochi insulin, n'ihi ụba glucose dị ugbu a, ụzọ polyol na-arụ ọrụ

Mmepe nke nsogbu ọrịa shuga:

Laboratory na - egosi oria shuga:

Ọkwa Placesma glucose (laabu. Ọrụ)

Mkpebi nnabata glucose (ụlọ nyocha.)

Plasma glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1-C)

Ọkwa ọkwa Plasma Fructosamine

Mmetụta glucose

Urinary ketone etoju

Usoro maka mmepe nke ọgba aghara: enwere ụdị ọrịa shuga abụọ - insulin-dependance - mgbe emepụtara insulin beta site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke agwaetiti nke pancreatic nke Langerhans adịghị emebi (ọnya, mmeghachi omume autoimmune), yana inulin-enweghị onwe ya - mgbe emepụtara insulin na-ejikarị, mana mmetụta ya na cell na-agbaji. Nnwale nnabata glucose, mkpebi nke glycosylated haemoglobin, mkpebi nke insulin na C-peptide na mmamịrị, site na nke albumin dị na mmamịrị (albuminuria), mkpebi siri ike nke ego wa ketone ozu.

Nonenzymatic glycation. Ọrụ dị na usoro nke mmepe nke nsogbu nke hyperglycemia. Ọrịa nyocha na ọnụọgụ nchọpụta nke ọmụmụ nke fructosamine na haemoglobin nke glucose.

Glycation na - abụghị enzymatic - enzymatic, njikọta nke glucose ma ọ bụ fructose n'ime membrane nke protein na-arịa hyperglycemia. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ na-adị na elefu anya na-eleghara anya, yana hyperglycemia, a na-ahụkarị ihe na ihe niile. Ọrụ dị na sistemụ nke mmepe nke nsogbu nke hyperglycemia: glycosylated haemoglobin guzobere (n'ụkpụrụ, nke a abụghị nnukwu ọrụ, mana haemoglobin ugbua anaghị arụ ọrụ ya), glycosylated crystallins (protein lens, nke na-akpata cataracts), glycosylation of the vascular membrane protein, n'ihi nke angiopathies, nephropathies na retinopathies na-etolite. Amamịghe na nyocha nke ọmụmụ nke fructosamine na glycosylated haemoglobin: nke ọma, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ protein glycosylation na hyperglycemia, mgbe ahụ anyị nwere ike ịchọpụta hyperglycemia site na ikpebi fructose (glycosylated albumin) na glycosylated haemoglobin n'ọbara. Ọzọkwa, haemoglobin dị ndụ site na 90 ruo 120 ụbọchị. Yabụ anyị enwelarị ọnwa atọ dị ka enwere ike ịba ọchaa, ma ọ ga-adịgide. Ọ na-amasị ha ịjụ ajụjụ banyere ya, yabụ dịrị njikere. A na - ahụta protein ndị a gbanwere dị ka ndị si mba ọzọ na mmegharị nke mmeghachi omume mgbochi iji mebie mbibi nke a na - eduga na mmepe nke mmeghachi nke ọrịa. A na-eji nnwale ahụ iji chọpụta ọrịa shuga dị ụtọ na nyochaa steeti nke carbohydrate metabolism na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa a. Uru ya dị ukwuu karịa ikpebi ọkwa glucose na ọbara ọbara bụ ndị a: 1. Ọ bụrụ na ụkpụrụ glucose na-egosipụta glycemia n'oge nnwale, mgbe ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ gemocosylated haemoglobin bụ maka ogologo oge gara aga (izu atọ). 2. eptụgharị uche na njiri mara nri, mmetụta na-akpata nchekasị na ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata hyperglycemia na-eduga n’ịchọpụta ọrịa shuga dị ụtọ. Mmetụta ndị a niile anaghị emetụta nsonaazụ nke mkpebi siri ike haemoglobin glycosylated. 3. Nnwale maka igosipụta ọdịnaya nke HbA1c bụ ihe akọwapụtara maka shuga dị ụtọ karịa ịchọpụta ọkwa nke glucose. Mkpebi nke ọdịnaya fructosamine Okwu a bụ "fructosamine" na kemịkal ọgwụ na-ezo aka ego nke protein glycosylated ọbara protein. Fructosamine bụ ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume enzymatic n'etiti monosaccharides (ọ na-abụkarị glucose) na ụfọdụ ihe nchebe nke ọbara (ọ na-abụkarị otu epsilon-amino nke lysine, amino group nke valine). Principlekpụrụ nke usoro ahụ. Fructosamine nwere ike belata nitrosine tetrazolium na ọkara alkaline, na-atụgharị ya na formazan na nnukwu mmịpụta na 530 nm. Mmeghachi omume n'etiti fructosamine na nitro-acha anụnụ anụnụ tetrazolium na-ewere ọnọdụ na pH nke 10.8 (na carbonate kọlịflawa) na okpomọkụ nke 37 Celsius. A na-eme Photometry mgbe minit 15 gasịrị. A na-eji ketoamine Sintetik (fructosoleucine) mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ. Na plasma ọbara nke ezigbo mmadụ nwere ahụ ike (nkịtị), ọdịnaya fructosamine anaghị agafe 285 μmol / L.Nleba anya na nyocha nke ichoputa ihe di n’ime fructosamine. Usoro nke izizi nke glycosylation nke protin n’etinye n’ime obara bu oria shuga. Nchọpụta nchọpụta nke mkpebi nke fructosamine dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere HbA1c na mmalite mmalite nke ọrịa ahụ. Site na oria ogologo oge, ọrịa nke microangiopathies na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fructosamine na-abawanye ruo obere karịa glycosylated Hb. Fruta mkpụrụ fructosamine bụ "enyo" nke glycemia n'ime izu 1-3 gara aga, nke na-enye gị ohere ịnweta ozi nchọpụta ngwa ngwa.

Usoro nke usoro digestion na oriri nke carbohydrates na n’elugenesis. Enzymes carbohydrate na-egbu nri, metabolism nke glycogen, glucosaminoglycans. (maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ngalaba ahụike ụmụaka)

N'ime oge mmepe, ụdị udiri nri bụ hematotrophy, nke ihe nri na-abanye na nwa ebu n'afọ site na Plasenta. Akụkụ placental gafere mmiri, glucose, amino acid, dipeptides na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka mmeju usoro metabolism na nwa ebu n’afọ. Ọtụtụ protein, lipids na polysaccharides dị na Plasenta na-ebu ụzọ enzymatic hydrolysis. Ha na-abanye n’ọbara nke nwa ebu n’afọ n’ụdị nke ndị monomers. Site na ọnwa 4-5 nke mmalite nke nwa ebu n’afọ, akụkụ ahụ na-diges na-amalite ime ihe. Amniotrophic - mmiri mmiri na - abanye na nri hematotrophic. Amniotrophic mmiri na-abanye n’ime nri n’akpa nwa ebu n’afọ na -eme ihe ma na-emegharị ya, ilo ya na akụkụ iku ume. N’ime ọnwa nke ikpeazụ n’ime ime kwa ụbọchị, nwa ebu n’afọ na-amịpụta ihe dị ka otu lita mmiri. Enzymatic nke obere eriri afọ amalitebere tupu ngalaba ndị ọzọ. N'ime oge mmepe intrauterine, ngwa endocrine nke diges na - amalite nwayọ: ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ endocrine na - abawanye, ọdịnaya nke homonụ eriri afọ na-abawanye na ha. Mgbe amuchara umu, udiri nri abia lactotrophic. Mmiri ara nne na-enye ahụ, nke na-eto n’ike n’ike, nwee plastik na ihe ume. A na-enye vitamin, enzymes, mineral, mmiri, ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe ndị dị ndụ, wdg. Site na ọnwa 5-6, a na-ewebata nri ndị ọzọ n'ime nri nwata ahụ, emesịa jiri nwayọ zigara nwata ahụ. Usoro ngbanwe site na otu ụdị nri na nri ọzọ na-ekpebi usoro nke etolite nri na usoro nhazi. N'ihe banyere mbido iji nri eji agwakọta, a na-eme ka mmepe nke sistem na-eto ngwa ngwa. Na hydrolysis nke nri dị na mmiri ara, a na-etinye enzymes nke mmiri ara ehi na glands nke akụkụ nri nke nwa ahụ. A na-ejikarị imu nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ iji kee akwara n’agbata onu na egbugbere ọnụ n’oge a na-a .ụ ya. Ọrụ enzymatic nke mmiri na-eleghara anya, mana zuru oke ikunye mmiri ara n'ime afọ. Amylase, nke di n’ime onu nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ, bụ ihe dịka 1/3 n’ime ọrụ ndị okenye. N'ime afọ mbụ ruo afọ abụọ, ọrụ enzymatic nke mmiri na-abawanye. Ntugharị sitere na nnabata nke ire na mucosa nke ọnụ bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka ịhazi nnu. A na-eme mgbanwe ahụ a na-eme ka emee ahụ ike n'ime afọ mbụ nke ndụ. Afọ nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ nwere ikike nke 5-10 ml. Ruo njedebe nke afọ, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye ruo 250-300 ml. Ọdịiche nke isi na parietal glandulocytes na - apụta n'oge mmepe intrauterine. Na mgbakwunye, mkpụrụ ndụ ndị mbụ na-amalite ọrụ na mbụ karịa ndị parietal: pepsinogen pụtara na mbụ karịa hydrochloric acid. Ihe nzuzo nke hydrochloric acid na-adabere n'ụdị nri. N'ihe banyere ntụgharị gaa na nri mmadụ, acidity nke ihe ọ juiceụ increasesụ ahụ na-abawanye site na 2 ruo 4. Site na afọ, njupụta nke glands n'elu mucous akpụkpọ ahụ na-abawanye.Ọrụ enzymatic nke ihe ọ juiceụ dependsụ ahụ na-adabere n'ụdị nri nri: na ọnwa ndị mbụ, protein ndị dị na nri osisi na anụ adịghị emebi ala. Ogologo eriri afọ n’ime ụmụ nke toro ogologo anụ ahụ karịrị nke okenye (n’ime nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ, ugboro asatọ na 3.3, na ndị okenye, site na ugboro 5.4). Ọrụ nzuzo nke pancreas na imeju dị ala karịa ndị okenye. N'ihi ya, na afọ mbụ nke ndụ, akpụkpọ ahụ digestion na-amalite. N'oge nwata, ikike nke mkpụkọ nke obere eriri afọ ka nọkwa oke, yabụ, ụfọdụ ọnụọgụ nri na-eri nri na-aga n'ihu na-abanye ma banye n'ọbara. Colonization Colonf na-eme n'ime ụbọchị 2-4 mbụ nke ndụ. A na-ahụkarị microflora na mgbaze, usoro nke immunological reactivity, na-egbochi mmepe nke microflora pathogenic, na-ekekọta ọtụtụ vitamin, ma na-eme ka ọtụtụ ọgwụ arụ ọrụ. N'oge mmalite nke mmepe, a na-emepụta usoro homonụ na usoro nke usoro nke ọrụ nzuzo na ọrụ moto nke usoro diges. A na-ejikọ usoro Central neuro-reflex mechaa. Emechara usoro nri diges n’oge emehe ntozu okè.

Ọdịda nke usoro metabolic na ọrịa shuga

Ebe ọ bụ na pancreas na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na nhazi nke usoro metabolic na ọkwa shuga n'ime ahụ, mgbe ahụ enwere ntakịrị nsogbu na arụ ọrụ ya na arụ ọrụ niile.

Ọ bụrụ na emepụtaghị insulin zuru ezu, mgbe ahụ a na-akpọ pathological glucosuria.

Ọ bụ iji zere nsogbu ndị nwere ike ibilite megide mmalite nke ọrịa ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ịgbaso iwu na ụkpụrụ ndị pụrụ iche, ma na nri ma na ịnọgide na-ebi ndụ dị mma. Ọ bụrụ na emeghị nke a, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna nwee nsogbu metabolic dị ize ndụ na ọrịa shuga.

Nnukwu ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ na sistem

Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụnọ ọrịa a na mmadụ, enwere ụkọ homonụ a na-akpọ insulin, mgbe ahụ a na - enwe ọria glucosuria.

Nsogbu siri ike nke ọrụ glycogen na-arụ ọrụ nke imeju yana iji akụkụ anụ ahụ na -akpọ glucose nwere ike ịbụ ihe a ga-ele anya maka ịpụta.

Dịka ị maara, n’ime imeju mmadụ niile enwere usoro ndu ihe dị mgbagwoju anya maka mmebi ya na ịba ụba nke lipids, protein, na, n’ezie, carbohydrates, na-esonyere ya na ọbara plasma na-asọpụta site na usoro nri.

Ọtụtụ glandia endocrine na ntinye nke sistem na-emetụta ọrụ akọwapụtara akwara na imeju. Ebe ọ bụ na carbohydrates bụ isi mmalite nke ume a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha maka mmadụ, mgbanwe nke ihe ndị a dị mkpa maka ahụ ya.

Na mgbakwunye na insulin, homonụ nke na-emegide kpamkpam nke pancreas na-emepụta na-esonyekwa na metabolism metabolism. A na-akpọ ya glucagon ma nwee mmetụta dị iche na nke ọzọ.

Ọzọkwa, homonụ na-eto eto, nke ọwara nke pituitary gland, cortisol na ụfọdụ homonụ thyroid na-emetụta metabolism.

Ihe ndị a niile na-enwe ike ịme ngwa ngwa ọgbụgba nke glycogen, nke na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke ọkwa glucose ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ya mere adrenaline, homonụ ibu, glucagon na thyroid homonụ na-ezo aka na insulin antagonists.

Ozugbo ihe banyere insulin na -ekosi ike na nnukwu ọrịa, usoro niile nke oriri carbohydrate n'ime ahụ na-akpaghasị ozugbo. Nke izizi, glycogen nke imeju na-agbaji wee bido banye plasma ọbara n'ụdị glucose.

Ọzọkwa, ahụ na-amalite inwekwu nkwalite nke glycogen na oke insulin na-emepụta. Nke a gasịrị, nke a na - eduga n'inweta abụba na sel nke gland diges.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na nsogbu ndị na-akpata metabolism n'ime ahụ na-eduga nwayọọ nwayọọ na mgbanwe ndị dị egwu ma dị ize ndụ na metabolism mmiri na nguzozi nnu.

Iji mee ka ahụ gị si n'ọrịa shuga kwụọ ahụ, ịkwesịrị mụta otu esi ejikwa ngosipụta ya. Ọ bụ ya mere ịkwesịrị mụta ịghọta ntuziaka ọgwụ na oge ịhọpụta.

Ọdịda nke ịkpụzi glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Glycosaminoglycans bụ akụkụ nke carbohydrate nke proteoglycans, nke gụnyere amino sugar-hexosamines. Ihe ndị a nwere njikọ chiri anya na protein protein nke proteoglycans.

Glycosaminoglycans, usoro molekul

Ihe ndị a dị mkpa dị na proteoglycans metụtara ihe intercellular nke anụ ahụ na - ejikọta. Ya mere, ha dị n’ọkpụkpụ ahụ, anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na akwara nke anya. Site na ijikọta ya na eriri collagen na elastin, ha na-agbanye nke a na-akpọ matriks anụ ahụ.

Ihe ndị a na - arụ ọrụ na - ekpuchi elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ, na mgbakwunye, na - arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe ion, ọrụ nchekwa nke anụ ahụ, yana ọdịiche nke anụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere nnukwu mmebi nke njikọta GAG na ọrịa shuga, nke a ga - emesia bute mmalite nke nnukwu ọrịa.

Iji mee ka steeti ahụ nwee ahụ ọrịa shuga, ịkwesịrị iji nyocha gị oge ọ bụla o kwere mee, drugsụọ ọgwụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị, nyochaa nri, ma soro ndụmọdụ niile nke ọkachamara.

Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị na - eme ka ọ daa mba na ọrịa shuga mellitus: ihe ọmụmụ biochemistry

Dị ka ị maara, insulin nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na metabolism lipid na anụ ahụ adipose.

Ọ nwere ike ịkwalite njikọ nke abụba ụfọdụ n'ime glucose. Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa bụ mmachi nke ọgbụgba egbugbere ọnụ yana mbibi protein na anụ ahụ.

Ọ bụ ya mere enweghi oke hormone na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa metabolism, bụ nke a na-ahụkarị na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Ọrịa a nwere ike imetụta usoro metabolic niile na-eme n’ahụ.

Dị ka ị maara, na-arịa ọrịa shuga, metabolism nke carbohydrates bụ ihe na-agbakarị nsogbu, nke ụfọdụ njiri mara ya:

1. na-agbadata nchịkọta nke glucokinase, nke fọrọ nke nta ka kpamkpam pụọ na imeju. N'ihi ya, anụ ahụ nwere ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dị ukwuu. Ihe na - esite na nke a bụ nwayọ na mkpokọta glycogen,
2. ọrụ dị elu nke glucose-6-phosphatase na-amalite ịba ụba, yabụ glucose-6-phosphate bụ dephosphorylated ma banye n'ọbara plasma ọbara n'ụdị glucose,
3. oké nsogbu metabolic na - eme - ntụgharị nke glucose na abụba na - eji nwayọ nwayọ,
4. Enweghị ike glucose gafere membranes cell,
5. A na-eme ngwa ngwa glucose site na ngwaahịa metabolism nke na - abụghị carbohydrate ngwa ngwa.

Ọkpụkpụ nke metabolism metabolism na mellitus ọrịa shuga bụ ihe e ji mara ịkpụju oke na iji glucose ezughị ezu site na anụ ahụ dị iche iche nke ahụ, na-ebute hyperglycemia.

Dị ka ị maara, na ọrịa shuga, ọkwa shuga nwere ike iru ọkwa dị oke egwu, yabụ ọ dị ezigbo mkpa iji ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ n'ọfịs ọkachamara.

Ọkpụkpụ protein protein na-arịa ọrịa shuga

Ọ bụghị ihe nzuzo na nsogbu metabolism na ọrịa shuga na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị carbohydrate na lipid, kamakwa protein metabolism.

Dị ka ị maara, ịnapụ ahụ mmadụ nke homonụ nke pancreas na itinye glucose n'ọrụ nwere ike ibute mkpụkọ protein.

Usoro a na-adịghị mma na-agakwa na mkpụkọ nitrogen site na ahụ na ntọhapụ nke potassium, ihe na-esochikwa ion na ngwaahịa ndị na-emebi emebi.

Enweghi ezumike nke homonụ nke pensụl na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke sel, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi metabolism na-akpata ọrịa, kamakwa n'ihi nsogbu na nsogbu ndị ọzọ. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ụkọ mmiri na-eduga n'ihe a na-akpọ akpịrị mmiri n'ime sel nke anụ ahụ.

Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa icheta na mgbe mmiri butere mmiri n’ahụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ịmịnye mmamịrị na-aga n’ihu na-eme ka inweta ihe ndị na - emebi potassium bukwuo ibu. N'okwu a, ị ga-akpọtụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ozugbo maka nlekọta mberede.

Kedu ihe kpatara ọdịda ji dị ize ndụ?

Ọ bụrụ na mgbe ọ gachara onye ọrịa mamịrị ọrịa mellitus, ọ ka na-ebi ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi, ebe ọ na-eri nri "adịghị mma", na-averaụ ihe ọholicụholicụ na-aba n'anya, na-aokesụ sịga, na-ebi ndụ adịghị arụ ọrụ, anaghị eleta dọkịta ya, ọ naghị ele ule, mgbe ahụ maka ya na-abawanye. ihe egwu nke hypoglycemic coma.

Nke a bụ ọnọdụ dị oke egwu, nke na-egosipụta onwe ya na mbelata ọsọ ọsọ na ndọta glucose. Ọ bụrụ na usoro mmadụ na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrịa ọrịa shuga, mgbe ahụ o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-arịa ọrịa a dị ntakịrị.

Mana, n’agbanyeghi, iji belata ụdị ọrịa metabolism niile, ọ dị oke mkpa ịgbaso ndụmọdụ niile nke ndị ọkachamara metụtara ma ị drugsụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị na nri kwa ụbọchị.

Banyere nri, a na-akpọ nọmba okpokoro 9 dị mma maka ndị ọrịa mamịrị.

Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị oge nri niile dị mma maka otu onye ọrịa, nke dịkwa mma ị payinga ntị na nke ndị dibia bekee. Ọ ga-agbanwerịrị ya maka onye ọrịa ọ bụla ka o zere nsogbu.

Isi ihe achọrọ n'ịhazi nri maka otu onye ọrịa bụ ilekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ mkpa kalori kwa ụbọchị. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ka ị kwụsịlata iri nri ị na - eme na oke carbohydrates.

Nke a bụ eziokwu bụ maka ihe ndị dị mfe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere shuga, achịcha, ihe ndị e ji achọ mma, chọkọleti, na mmiri ọ juụ .ụ Ọ dịkwa ezigbo mkpa iwepu nri e ghere eghe ma jupụta na abụba na-emerụ ahụ.

Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole maara na ịrịa ọrịa shuga ị nwere ike iri nri dị ka akwụkwọ nri, anụ ọcha, azụ dị ala na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.

Vidiyo ndị metụtara

Nkuzi nke nwa akwukwo nke sayensị ogwu na metabolic ọrịa na ọrịa mamịrị:

Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa a nọ na nsogbu, ị kwesịrị ị paya ntị na ọnọdụ ahụike gị na ụzọ ndụ gị nke nwere ike ikwado ọrịa ahụ.

Iji zere nsogbu ọ bụla dị ize ndụ, ịkwesịrị ịhụ dọkịta gị mgbe niile na-ahụ ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ ma na-enyere aka ịkwụsị ma ọ bụ gbochie ya.

Oge nyocha, nnwale, nrụzi nke nri, ileta ọkachamara, yana ijigide ụdị ndụ ga - enyere aka ịkwụsị ọrịa ahụ.

Site n’izu ike, ị nwere ike ibi ndụ zuru oke na-enweghị mgbochi, nke na-adịghị iche na ndụ onye ahụike zuru oke. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga nke abụọ, mgbe ahụ ebe a ị nweghị ike ime na-enweghị ọgwụ pụrụ iche na-ebelata ịba ụba nke shuga, insulin na ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu ume.

Ọrịa mamịrị metabolism |

Ebe ọ bụ na pancreas na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na nhazi nke usoro metabolic na ọkwa shuga n'ime ahụ, mgbe ahụ enwere ntakịrị nsogbu na arụ ọrụ ya na arụ ọrụ niile.

Ọ bụrụ na emepụtaghị insulin zuru ezu, mgbe ahụ a na-akpọ pathological glucosuria.

Ọ bụ iji zere nsogbu ndị nwere ike ibilite megide mmalite nke ọrịa ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ịgbaso iwu na ụkpụrụ ndị pụrụ iche, ma na nri ma na ịnọgide na-ebi ndụ dị mma.Ọ bụrụ na emeghị nke a, ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa siri ike na mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna nwee nsogbu metabolic dị ize ndụ na ọrịa shuga.

Nnukwu ọrụ nke akụkụ ahụ na sistem

Ebe ọ bụ na ọnụnọ ọrịa a na mmadụ, enwere ụkọ homonụ a na-akpọ insulin, mgbe ahụ a na - enwe ọria glucosuria.

Nsogbu siri ike nke ọrụ glycogen na-arụ ọrụ nke imeju yana iji akụkụ anụ ahụ na -akpọ glucose nwere ike ịbụ ihe a ga-ele anya maka ịpụta.

Dịka ị maara, n’ime imeju mmadụ niile enwere usoro ndu ihe dị mgbagwoju anya maka mmebi ya na ịba ụba nke lipids, protein, na, n’ezie, carbohydrates, na-esonyere ya na ọbara plasma na-asọpụta site na usoro nri.

Ọtụtụ glandia endocrine na ntinye nke sistem na-emetụta ọrụ akọwapụtara akwara na imeju. Ebe ọ bụ na carbohydrates bụ isi mmalite nke ume a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha maka mmadụ, mgbanwe nke ihe ndị a dị mkpa maka ahụ ya.

Na mgbakwunye na insulin, homonụ nke na-emegide kpamkpam nke pancreas na-emepụta na-esonyekwa na metabolism metabolism. A na-akpọ ya glucagon ma nwee mmetụta dị iche na nke ọzọ.

Ọzọkwa, homonụ na-eto eto, nke ọwara nke pituitary gland, cortisol na ụfọdụ homonụ thyroid na-emetụta metabolism.

Ihe ndị a niile na-enwe ike ịme ngwa ngwa ọgbụgba nke glycogen, nke na-eduga n'ịba ụba nke ọkwa glucose ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ ya mere adrenaline, homonụ ibu, glucagon na thyroid homonụ na-ezo aka na insulin antagonists.

Ozugbo ihe banyere insulin na -ekosi ike na nnukwu ọrịa, usoro niile nke oriri carbohydrate n'ime ahụ na-akpaghasị ozugbo. Nke izizi, glycogen nke imeju na-agbaji wee bido banye plasma ọbara n'ụdị glucose.

Ọzọkwa, ahụ na-amalite inwekwu nkwalite nke glycogen na oke insulin na-emepụta. Nke a gasịrị, nke a na - eduga n'inweta abụba na sel nke gland diges. Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na nsogbu ndị na-akpata metabolism n'ime ahụ na-eduga nwayọọ nwayọọ na mgbanwe ndị dị egwu ma dị ize ndụ na metabolism mmiri na nguzozi nnu.

Iji mee ka ahụ gị si n'ọrịa shuga kwụọ ahụ, ịkwesịrị mụta otu esi ejikwa ngosipụta ya. Ọ bụ ya mere ịkwesịrị mụta ịghọta ntuziaka ọgwụ na oge ịhọpụta.

Ọdịda nke ịkpụzi glycosaminoglycans (GAG)

Glycosaminoglycans bụ akụkụ nke carbohydrate nke proteoglycans, nke gụnyere amino sugar-hexosamines. Ihe ndị a nwere njikọ chiri anya na protein protein nke proteoglycans.

Glycosaminoglycans, usoro molekul

Ihe ndị a dị mkpa dị na proteoglycans metụtara ihe intercellular nke anụ ahụ na - ejikọta. Ya mere, ha dị n’ọkpụkpụ ahụ, anụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na akwara nke anya. Site na ijikọta ya na eriri collagen na elastin, ha na-agbanye nke a na-akpọ matriks anụ ahụ.

Ihe ndị a na - arụ ọrụ na - ekpuchi elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ, na mgbakwunye, na - arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe ion, ọrụ nchekwa nke anụ ahụ, yana ọdịiche nke anụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere nnukwu mmebi nke njikọta GAG na ọrịa shuga, nke a ga - emesia bute mmalite nke nnukwu ọrịa.

Iji mee ka steeti ahụ nwee ahụ ọrịa shuga, ịkwesịrị iji nyocha gị oge ọ bụla o kwere mee, drugsụọ ọgwụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị, nyochaa nri, ma soro ndụmọdụ niile nke ọkachamara.

Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị na - eme ka ọ daa mba na ọrịa shuga mellitus: ihe ọmụmụ biochemistry

Dị ka ị maara, insulin nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na metabolism lipid na anụ ahụ adipose.

Ọ nwere ike ịkwalite njikọ nke abụba ụfọdụ n'ime glucose.Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa bụ mmachi nke ọgbụgba egbugbere ọnụ yana mbibi protein na anụ ahụ.

Ọ bụ ya mere enweghi oke hormone na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa metabolism, bụ nke a na-ahụkarị na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus.

Carbohydrate metabolism

Ọrịa a nwere ike imetụta usoro metabolic niile na-eme n’ahụ.

Dị ka ị maara, na-arịa ọrịa shuga, metabolism nke carbohydrates bụ ihe na-agbakarị nsogbu, nke ụfọdụ njiri mara ya:

1. na-agbadata nchịkọta nke glucokinase, nke fọrọ nke nta ka kpamkpam pụọ na imeju. N'ihi ya, anụ ahụ nwere ụkọ glucose-6-phosphate dị ukwuu. Ihe na - esite na nke a bụ nwayọ na mkpokọta glycogen,
2. ọrụ dị elu nke glucose-6-phosphatase na-amalite ịba ụba, yabụ glucose-6-phosphate bụ dephosphorylated ma banye n'ọbara plasma ọbara n'ụdị glucose,
3. oké nsogbu metabolic na - eme - ntụgharị nke glucose na abụba na - eji nwayọ nwayọ,
4. Enweghị ike glucose gafere membranes cell,
5. A na-eme ngwa ngwa glucose site na ngwaahịa metabolism nke na - abụghị carbohydrate ngwa ngwa.

Ọkpụkpụ nke metabolism metabolism na mellitus ọrịa shuga bụ ihe e ji mara ịkpụju oke na iji glucose ezughị ezu site na anụ ahụ dị iche iche nke ahụ, na-ebute hyperglycemia.

Dị ka ị maara, na ọrịa shuga, ọkwa shuga nwere ike iru ọkwa dị oke egwu, yabụ ọ dị ezigbo mkpa iji ngwaọrụ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ n'ọfịs ọkachamara.

Ọkpụkpụ protein protein na-arịa ọrịa shuga

Ọ bụghị ihe nzuzo na nsogbu metabolism na ọrịa shuga na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị carbohydrate na lipid, kamakwa protein metabolism.

Dị ka ị maara, ịnapụ ahụ mmadụ nke homonụ nke pancreas na itinye glucose n'ọrụ nwere ike ibute mkpụkọ protein.

Usoro a na-adịghị mma na-agakwa na mkpụkọ nitrogen site na ahụ na ntọhapụ nke potassium, ihe na-esochikwa ion na ngwaahịa ndị na-emebi emebi.

Enweghi ezumike nke homonụ nke pensụl na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke sel, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi metabolism na-akpata ọrịa, kamakwa n'ihi nsogbu na nsogbu ndị ọzọ. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, ụkọ mmiri na-eduga n'ihe a na-akpọ akpịrị mmiri n'ime sel nke anụ ahụ.

Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa icheta na mgbe mmiri butere mmiri n’ahụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ịmịnye mmamịrị na-aga n’ihu na-eme ka inweta ihe ndị na - emebi potassium bukwuo ibu. N'okwu a, ị ga-akpọtụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ozugbo maka nlekọta mberede.

Kedu ihe kpatara ọdịda ji dị ize ndụ?

Ọ bụrụ na mgbe ọ gachara onye ọrịa mamịrị ọrịa mellitus, ọ ka na-ebi ụdị ndụ ọ na-ebi, ebe ọ na-eri nri "adịghị mma", na-averaụ ihe ọholicụholicụ na-aba n'anya, na-aokesụ sịga, na-ebi ndụ adịghị arụ ọrụ, anaghị eleta dọkịta ya, ọ naghị ele ule, mgbe ahụ maka ya na-abawanye. ihe egwu nke hypoglycemic coma.

Nke a bụ ọnọdụ dị oke egwu, nke na-egosipụta onwe ya na mbelata ọsọ ọsọ na ndọta glucose. Ọ bụrụ na usoro mmadụ na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịrịa ọrịa shuga, mgbe ahụ o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-arịa ọrịa a dị ntakịrị.

Mana, n’agbanyeghi, iji belata ụdị ọrịa metabolism niile, ọ dị oke mkpa ịgbaso ndụmọdụ niile nke ndị ọkachamara metụtara ma ị drugsụ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị na nri kwa ụbọchị.

Banyere nri, a na-akpọ nọmba okpokoro 9 dị mma maka ndị ọrịa mamịrị.

Agbanyeghị, ọ bụghị oge nri niile dị mma maka otu onye ọrịa, nke dịkwa mma ị payinga ntị na nke ndị dibia bekee. Ọ ga-agbanwerịrị ya maka onye ọrịa ọ bụla ka o zere nsogbu.

Isi ihe achọrọ n'ịhazi nri maka otu onye ọrịa bụ ilekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ mkpa kalori kwa ụbọchị. Ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ka ị kwụsịlata iri nri ị na - eme na oke carbohydrates.

Nke a bụ eziokwu bụ maka ihe ndị dị mfe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere shuga, achịcha, ihe ndị e ji achọ mma, chọkọleti, na mmiri ọ juụ .ụ Ọ dịkwa ezigbo mkpa iwepu nri e ghere eghe ma jupụta na abụba na-emerụ ahụ.

Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole maara na ịrịa ọrịa shuga ị nwere ike iri nri dị ka akwụkwọ nri, anụ ọcha, azụ dị ala na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi.

Vidiyo ndị metụtara

Nkuzi nke nwa akwukwo nke sayensị ogwu na metabolic ọrịa na ọrịa mamịrị:

Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa a nọ na nsogbu, ị kwesịrị ị paya ntị na ọnọdụ ahụike gị na ụzọ ndụ gị nke nwere ike ikwado ọrịa ahụ.

Iji zere nsogbu ọ bụla dị ize ndụ, ịkwesịrị ịhụ dọkịta gị mgbe niile na-ahụ ọganihu nke ọrịa ahụ ma na-enyere aka ịkwụsị ma ọ bụ gbochie ya.

Oge nyocha, nnwale, nrụzi nke nri, ileta ọkachamara, yana ijigide ụdị ndụ ga - enyere aka ịkwụsị ọrịa ahụ.

Site n’izu ike, ị nwere ike ibi ndụ zuru oke na-enweghị mgbochi, nke na-adịghị iche na ndụ onye ahụike zuru oke. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọrịa ahụ nwere ụdị ọrịa shuga nke abụọ, mgbe ahụ ebe a ị nweghị ike ime na-enweghị ọgwụ pụrụ iche na-ebelata ịba ụba nke shuga, insulin na ụfọdụ ọgwụ na-egbu ume.

Ọrịa mamịrị metabolism |

Ọrịa shuga mellitus bụ ọrịa dị mgbagwoju anya nke akụkụ niile, nke ọrịa metabolic na-egosipụta, bụ nke mbụ, carbohydrate, yana kwa protein, abụba, mmiri na mineral.

Ọrịa shuga mellitus na-etolite ọtụtụ mgbe n'ihi insulin ụkọ (pancreatic na extrapancreatic) na-egosipụtakarị na hyperglycemia na-adịgide adịgide na glucosuria, mgbe mgbe polydipsia, polyuria, na mgbe ụfọdụ hyperketonemia na ketonuria.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọrịa shuga na-agbagha site na ngosipụta ọrịa dịgasị iche iche nke sistem ụjọ, usoro akwara obi na akụkụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.

Mmebi nke FAT NA PROTEIN EXCHANGE

Hyperlipemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperketonemia na ketonuria, hyperazotemia na hyperazoturia. Acidosis
Mbelata nke glycogen na imeju na-arịa ọrịa shuga sochiri nnukwu mkpọkọta nke abụba sitere na ọdụ mmanụ, yana ntụgharị ya na imeju. Yana mmanu ndi ozo, a na achikota cholesterol. Mgbanwe nke abụba na lipoids site na ebusa ha na imeju na-apụta site n'ọbara ọbara ma na-akpata hyperlipidemia (kama 1%, 5-10-20% bụ nke a na-ahụkarị). A na-ahụta ọbara ọgbụgba dị n'imeju. Na njikọ chiri anya na ya na arịa glycogen, hyperketonemia (ketosis) na-arịa. N'ọdị siri ike nke ọrịa shuga n'ọbara, n'ọnọdụ ego nkịtị nke ketone (10 mg%), mmụba n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha (acetoacetic na beta-hydroxybutyric acid na acetone), na-eru 20-40 mg% ma ọ bụ karịa. A kọwara hyperketonemia site na mgbanwe na-emegharị nke ketone site na imeju na ọbara, nke bụ ihe na-esite na ntanetị nke imeju abụba na mbelata nke glycogen.

A maara na ahụ ketone bụ ngwaahịa dị n'etiti usoro a na-agba abụba, enwere ike ịtọ ya n'oge ezughi ezu nke ụfọdụ protein.

Maka iji sọks zuru oke ha na carbon dioxide na mmiri, ntinye nke carbohydrates na oke ikuku oxygen dị mkpa.

Akụkụ nke ọdụdụ ọ bụla na - enye otu acid acetoacetic acid (nke etolite acetone na beta-hydroxybutyric acid).

Fọdụ endocrinologists subdivide ọrịa shuga n'ime "islet" na "ngụkọta", na-esite na mmebi ahụ nke pancreas dum. Na ọrịa shuga dị na islet, enwere ụkọ insulin, hyperglycemia na glucosuria adịghịkwa mgbagwoju anya site na oke ibu na ketosis.

Na mkpokọta ọrịa shuga, mgbe, na mgbakwunye na erughi insulin, ihe ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eme, lipocaine (nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial mepụtara nke obere gland) anaghị ezochi, oke abụba na-amalite na imeju, n'ihi na lipocaine na-egbochi ịchịkọta oke abụba na imeju nsị nke oxidation.

Na mgbakwunye, lipocaine na-emekwa ka mmetụta nke lipotropic (ya bụ, na-egbu oge oke abụba na imeju) nke nri ụfọdụ (chiiz ụlọ, oatmeal na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere casein, choline, methionine, wdg).

Ya mere, na enweghị lipocaine, nnabata abụba na-amalite imeju.

Nke-abuo, oke ibu nke imeju na -ebilata ọrụ glycogen, nke na-eduga na mkpụkọ nri nke carbohydrates site na imeju ma na-abawanye mkpokọta nke abụba site na ebe nchekwa abụba.

Ya mere, ketosis na mbelata nke ọdịnaya glycogen na ọrịa shuga mellitus adịghị enwe njikọ njegen kpọmkwem na insulin ụkọ. Ha na-etolite ihe nke abuo site na mmebi imeju, nke nwere ike ịdakwasị ihe enweghị lipocaque nke pancreas, dịka n'ọtụtụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ.

N'okpuru ọnọdụ adịghị, anụ ahụ ketone adịghị na mmamịrị ya. Ahụ́ ndị a na-apụta n'ime ya na hyperketonemia, n'ihi na n'iba ụba na mmamịrị nwa oge, a naghị edobeghachi ya kpamkpam.

Na mellitus ọrịa shuga a na-agwọghị, a na-achọpụtakarị hyperazotemia, nke bụ nsonaazụ nke mkpokọta ọbara n'ọbara buru ibu nke ngwaahịa ọgwụ mkpụrụ ọgwụ nitrogen na-ebute n'oge nnukwu protein, n'ihi na ọrịa shuga, protein na akwara na-agbakọta n'ime imeju ma na-enyocha kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na carbohydrates. N'ime usoro nke ịkpụpụta carbohydrates site na protein, amonia, urea, amino acid na-etolite ma ha na-akpata hyperazotemia, nke n'aka nke na-eduga na hyperazoturia, i.e., mmụba na mkpịsị nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-egbochi nitrogen n’ime mmamịrị. Mbelata nke ahụ na-egbochi ọrịa na mbelata ihe na-egbochi ahụ mmadụ na ọrịa shuga mellitus site na eziokwu ahụ na usoro metabolic na akụkụ ahụ na anụ ahụ niile na-agbakasị ahụ.

Na mgbakwunye, ahụ ketone na-egbochi ọrụ nke usoro reticuloendothelial, si otú ahụ na-ebelata ihe nchebe nke anụ ahụ.

Na ngwụcha, achọrọ m ịgwa gị: ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche ihu nyocha dị otú ahụ na-akụda mmụọ dị ka “ọrịa shuga”, enwela nkụda mmụọ, n'ihi na ọgwụ ọdịnala etoola n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere narị afọ nke 20, mgbe ọrịa shuga bụ otu n'ime ọrịa ndị kasị dị ize ndụ.

Na agbanyeghị na ọbụlagodi taa, ndị sayensị enweghị ike ịchọta ọgwụ na-agwọ onye ọrịa shuga kpamkpam, site n'ịgbaso ndụmọdụ ndị ọkachamara ruru eru. Nwere ike ịnwe ọrịa shuga ogologo ndụ dị ogologo, ihe omume. Isi ihe bụ ịmara ole na ole (ma dịkwa ezigbo mkpa!) Iwu maka ịlụso ọrịa shuga ọgụ.

Iji mụtakwuo gbasara ụzọ nchịkwa ọrịa shuga na otu esi mụta otu esi ejikwa ọrịa nke ọma, biko debanye aha maka ụlọ akwụkwọ shuga anyị. Schoollọ akwụkwọ nke ọrịa shuga a bụ n'efu ma haziere ya maka ndị nwere ọrịa shuga chọrọ ihe karịrị tozuru oke na nyocha endocrinologistkamakwa nkwado uche.

Kwere m, nke a dị ezigbo mkpa! Naanị dejupụta mpempe akwụkwọ n'okpuru edemede a iji debanye aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrịa shuga. Achọrọ m gị ezigbo ahụike!

Hapụ okwu wee nweta onyinye!

Soro ndị enyi kerịta:

Gụkwuo na okwu a:

IMPITE CARBOHYDRATE NA LIPID METABOLISM DIABETES

Na ọrịa shuga mellitus, a na-ebelata insulin-glucagon index. Nke a bụ maka ọ bụghị naanị mbelata insulin insulin, kamakwa ọ na-abawanye na nzuzo glucagon (insulin na-egbochi ịgbanye glucagon).

N'ihi nke a, a na - eme ka mkpali nke usoro nkwakọba ghara ịdị ike ma na - akpali mkpali nke mkpokọta nke nchekwa, nke ukwuu nke mere na imeju, akwara, anụ ahụ na - adịkarịsịrị mma, mgbe e risịrị nri, ọrụ na ọnọdụ postabsorption (lee fig. 2).

N'okwu a, ngwaahịa nke mgbaze, yana metabolites ha, kama ịchekwa ya n'ụdị glycogen na abụba, na-ekesa n'ime ọbara. Eleghị anya, ruo oge ụfọdụ, usoro cyclic dị oke ọnụ, dịka glycolysis na gluconeogenesis ma ọ bụ njikọ na ndakpo abụba, wdg, na-emekwa.

Characteridị ọrịa shuga niile na-amata mgbachilata glucose, i.e. hyperglucemia mgbe eri ma ọ bụ ọbụna na afọ efu.

Isi ihe kpatara hyperglucoseemia:

-Anweta glucose site na akwara na adipose anụ ahụ nwere oke, n’ihi na n’enweghi insulin GLUT-4 anaghị ekpughe n’elu myocytes na adipocytes.

Ya mere, a naghị eji glucose maka nchekwa maka ụdị glycogen na akwara na ụdị abụba na adipose anụ ahụ,

- na imeju, a dịghị eji glucose maka nchekwa maka ụdị glycogen, ebe ọ bụ na na mkpụmkpụ insulin na glucagon glycogen synthase dị n'ụdị arụmọrụ phosphorylated,

- Achọghị glucose n'ime imeju maka njikọ nke abụba ma ọlị: glycolysis na enzymes pyruvate dehydrogenase adịghị arụ ọrụ na, ya mere, ntụgharị nke glucose na acetyl CoA, nke dị mkpa maka njikọ nke ọdụdụ abụba, na-egbochi.

- a na - eme ka okporo ụzọ gluconeogenesis rụọ ọrụ na obere nyocha nke insulin na glucagon dị elu na njikọ glucose site na amino acid na glycerol ga - ekwe omume.

Ihe ozo bu ihe ama ama nke oria oria bu ịba ụba n’obara nke lipoproteins (karisia VLDL), acid abuba na, nke kariri, aru ketone. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na etinyeghị abụba nri n'ụba na anụ ahụ adipose, ebe ọ bụ na cAMP-based adipocyte lipase dị n'ụdị phosphorylated (arụ ọrụ).

N'ihi ya, ihe bara ụba nke abụba abụba dị na ọbara. Abụba na-amịkọrọ abụba na-emetụta imeju, a na-agbanwe ụfọdụ n'ime adipocytes n'ime triacylglycerols, nke a na-abanye n'ime ọbara dịka akụkụ nke VLDL.

Akụkụ ọzọ nke abụba na-abanye n'okporo ụzọ β-oxidation na imeju mitochondria, a na-ejikwa acetyl-CoA na-arụpụta maka njikọ nke ahụ ketone.

EGO NA-EKP (TA N'ALAEZE NIILE (ANYE NA-EKWU) N'INBIRI ASBỌCH AS EGO NA-EKWES G EGO

Na ọrịa shuga mellitus, ụzọ atọ nke coma ga-esi kwe omume: ketoacidotic coma nwere erughi insulin zuru oke, hyperosmolar coma nwere ụkọ insulin na-erughị ala, lactic acidosis coma nwere nnukwu hypoxia, sepsis, na ụzụ obi. Na mgbakwunye, na usoro ọgwụgwọ insulin, enwere ike ịnwe hypoglycemic coma nke metụtara insulin ókè. Ọnọdụ atọ mbụ nwere ike ịmalite ọ bụghị naanị ọrịa shuga, kamakwa n'okpuru ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ (na-egbu egbu, na-efe efe, wdg).

Almostdị nke atọ dị na mbụ na-ewere ọnọdụ emechaghị eme. Na -adikarị ngosipụta nke ụfọdụ n’ime otu ụdị (nke a na-abụkarị hyperosmolar) bụ ihe kachasị, nke na-enye ihe kpatara iji kọwaa ụdị ndị bụ isi.

Isi ihe kpatara ketoacidosis bụ ụkọ insulin: n'oge coma, a chọpụtaghị C-peptide na insulinoreactive insulin (IRI) n'ọbara. A na-ahụ hyperglycemia mgbe niile (20-30 mmol / l, mgbe ụfọdụ karịa).

Acidosis na ọrịa shuga bụ nsonaazụ nke ụba acid: ahụ ketone, yana lactate na pyruvate.

Bodiesta ahụ aru ketone ruru 2 mmol / ml (ihe karịrị narị abụọ dị elu karịa ka ọ dị na nkịtị), ọ na-abawanye ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi njikọta akwara, kamakwa n'ihi mmerụ ahụ nke ketone na-ebelata n'ihi oliguria na anuria, nke na-eme na coma. A na-achọpụta mbelata ọbara pH ka ọ bụrụ 7 na obere (usoro 7.4) mgbe niile.

Akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na-ebido: ụkọ mmiri nwere ike ịbụ ihe dịka 10% nke anụ ahụ niile.Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri na-erugharị na-agbada site na 25-30%, na-ebute mbelata ọbara mgbali elu.

Oxygen na agụụ nke myocardium, mbelata nke olu ọbara na-eduga n'ọkpụkpụ obi. Ọ ga - ekwe omume ịbawanye n'ọbara ọbara, infarction myocardial, nkụchi obi obi, ọnya afọ, thrombosis.

Ọrịa mamịrị na-amalite nwayọ nwayọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ime n'ime awa ole na ole.

Enwere ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, ọdịdị ihu na-eme ọfụma, anya na-agbachapụ, enweghị mmasị na gburugburu ebe obibi na-abawanye, enweghị nkụja, nke na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ coma miri emi (gbanyụọ kpamkpam, enweghị mgbanwe, akwara umeji, wdg). N'ime ụlọ ebe onye ọrịa nọ, a na-anụ isi nke acetone.

Ọbara ọbara na-ebelata, oliguria ma ọ bụ anuria ka a na-ahụ.

Ọrịa mamịrị chọrọ ka ewere usoro ndị a ozugbo: 1) iwepụ ụkọ insulin site na ịhazi insulin na usoro onyonye nke na-ahụ maka mbelata mgbanye glucose na ọbara ruo n'ọkwa dị nso, 2) imeghari ahụ site na ịgbanye mmiri mmiri, 3) iweghachi ihe mejupụtara nnu nnu na pH nke ihe ọ liquụ normalụ. akụkụ ahụ site na iwebata usoro nnu dị mma; 4) mweghachi nke glycogen meekwa ahụ.

A na-ekpochapụ ngosipụta nke coma n'ime ụbọchị 2-3 na ọgwụgwọ na-aga n'ihu, na ọgwụgwọ n'oge awa ndị mbụ dị oke mkpa maka onye ọrịa.

Tupu mmepe nke ọgwụgwọ insulin nke ọrịa shuga, ndị ọrịa nwụrụ obere oge ka ọrịa ahụ malite site na coma mamịrị. Agbanyeghị, ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ahụkarị coma.

Karịsịa, ngosipụta mbụ nke ọrịa ahụ na 15-30% nke ikpe na-esonyere ketoacidosis na coma. Ọnwụ site na coma na-arịa ọrịa shuga ka dị elu - site na 1 ruo 30%.

Isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ maka ndị ọrịa shuga bụ nsogbu na-egbu oge.

IKPUKWU EGO NA-EKWU B ONER OF EGO EGO EGO NA-AKW COMKWỌ B SUR SU GB SUR SU SUGAR.

Ọrịa ndị dị n'ọgwụ mamịrị n'oge uto metụtara n'ụzọ mbibi arịa ọbara (ọrịa mamịrị angiopathies). Mainzọ kachasị nke mmebi anụ ahụ - glycation (glycosylation) nke protein - bụ mmeghachi omume na - abụghị enzymatic nke glucose na ndị amino acid nke mkpụrụ ndụ protein (Lys, Arg, N-terminal amino acid):

Na mbu, ụdị aldimine moiety na-ejighị n'aka, nke nwere ike ịbụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, kwụsiri ike (“ngwaahịa glycosylation n'oge). A ghọtara na ọrụ protein nwere ike ịnwe nsonaazụ n'ihi mgbanwe nke ọrụ protein protein, njikọ ya, ma ọ bụ igbochi ebe ọrụ nọ.

Glycosylation bụ mmeghachi omume nwayọ; naanị obere protein nke glycosylated dị n'ime anụ ahụ ndị nwere ahụike. Site na hyperglycemia, mmeghachi omume na-eme ngwa ngwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga n'ọrịa hyperglycemia, ọdịnaya nke otu n'ime glycosylated hemoglobins - HbAlc - na-abawanye site na ugboro 2-3 n'ime izu 2-3.

Ogo glycosylation nke protein dị iche iche abụghị otu, ọ dabere na ọnụego mmeghari protein a. Na iji nwayọ na-agbanwe protein, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ka amino ga-agbakọ.

Na mgbakwunye, mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na -eme ka nsị nke carbohydrate na-apụta na protein ndị a: ndozigharị ihe owuwu, mgbanwe oxidative, na-ebute nguzobe nke ngwaahịa "mbubreyo glycosylation" (PPGs), mgbe mgbe agba aja aja, fluorescent, na ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere nnukwu nrụgharị ọrụ na ike nke mmebi ọzọ. protein, gụnyere ime ka njikọta n’agbata ụmụ irighiri protein. Nwayọọ nwayọ gbanwere ihe nchebe na-agụnye ọtụtụ protein nke njikọta anụ ahụ na - ejikọta, matriks intercellular, membranes basement.Na mgbakwunye, protein nke ihe owuwu ndị a na-emetụta kọntaktị intercellular, nke na ntinye glucose bụ otu ihe ahụ n'ọbara (n'ime sel ọ na - adịkarị ala karịa n'ihi ojiji nke glucose na usoro metabolic). N'ime usoro ndị a, BCPs na-agbakọta na afọ, na-agbakọta na-agbatị ike nke ukwuu n'ọrịa shuga mellitus.

Enwere ike ịgbaze protein BCP site na macrophages (yana ntinye nke ndị na-anabata BCP) ma ọ bụ sistemụ nchebe intercellular na ịmalite nke pePides nke BCP, na-abụkarị nsị amino acid 30 n'ogologo. Ihe nchebe BCP, ọkachasị ndị na-esite na hydrolysis ha, peptides BCP na-abanye n'ọbara.

Nnukwu ịba PPG peptides n'ime ọbara na-abawanye nke ukwuu site na ọdịda akụrụ nke usoro dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ọrịa nephropathy mamịrị.

Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na iwepu peptides PPG na - apụta na ntinye aka nke akụrụ: PPG peptides na - edozi n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ, na - ejigide mkpụrụ ndụ tubule proximal, ma na - ejide ya na lysosom nke sel ndị a.

Na nyocha nke oke, e gosipụtara na ntinye nke protein PPG n’ime ọbara na-eduga na njikọta nke protein ndị a n’ime protein matrix protein n’ọtụtụ akwara na n’ọdịdị nke ọgbụgba na arụ ọrụ dịka nke ahụrụ na ọrịa mellitus.

BCPs na-egosipụta ọrụ dị iche iche: ha na - abawanye ikike nke mkpụrụ ndụ endothelial, na - ejikọ ndị na - anata macrophages, sel endothelial na mesangial, na - eme ka macrophages na - egbochi cytokines (ụzọ nnabata), na - egbochi nguzobe NO na igbochi mmụba vaskụla, ma na-abawanye oxidation LDL. N'ime ọbara nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga, a na-achọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi ọgwụ nke PPG peptides.

Ihe na - akpata usoro a na - ebute nsogbu nke oke ahụ

Ọrịa shuga mellitus (DM) bụ ọrịa mgbe ọria enweghị ike ịmịcha, hazie ma jiri glucose dị n'ahụ, ya bụ, akpaghasịala usoro insulin nke ọrụ sel. N'ihi ọrịa ahụ, ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa shuga na-ebute nsogbu ọrịa metabolic dị iche iche, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-eduga n'ọrịa dị iche iche yana ohere dị ukwuu nke ọnwụ. Otu n'ime nsogbu ndị kachasị dị na ya bụ metabolism lipid na-adịghị mma (dyslipidemia), nke, dịka ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ si kwuo, a na-achọpụta na 50-90% nke ndị nwere ọrịa shuga.

Lipids bụ abụba ndị a na-emepụta n’imeju ma na-abanyekwa n’ime nri. Ebe ọ bụ na lipids sitere na abụba, nke a pụtara na ha nwere mmiri nke ukwuu na mmiri.

N’ime mmadụ gbasiri ike, mkpụrụ ndụ imeju na-a gluụ glucose n’enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla. Mmebi nke mepụta insulin na-akpalite mbelata nke mmepụta nke hexokinase (enzyme maka oxidation nke glucose), nke na-egbochi nnabata nke ụmụ irighiri shuga. Enweghị insulin, na-akpasu biosynthesis na-ezighi ezi nke enzymes iwe, na-akpaghasị metabolism, nke na-akpata ọgba aghara na usoro abụba (ngwa ngwa na-akụda abụba).

Ọzọkwa, site na mbelata nke ọnụego mmepụta nke abụba na triacylglycerols, ọkwa nke aru ketone na-abawanye. N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga 1stdị nke mbụ (insulin dabere - pancreas anaghị emeputa ma ọ bụ mepụta insulin na ọnụ ọgụgụ ezughị ezu), dyslipidemia abughi nke a na-akọkarị na nke na-anaghị ekwupụta karịa ka ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga2nddị nke abụọ (a na - emepụta insulin na - eguzogide insulin n'ọtụtụ zuru ezu ma ọ bụ nwee ụba, mana anụ ahụ ka na - agaghị echekwa homonụ ahụ).

Gịnị bụ lipids na metabolism metabolism, nke akọwapụtara na vidiyo a:

Kedu ihe ọghọm nke nsogbu lipid na ọrịa shuga?

Ngwakọta ọgwụ na-adịghị mma na ọrịa shuga na-akpata ọnọdụ ndị a:

• ketosis na imeju na-egbu egbu,
• mmụba nke mkpụrụ ọbara,
• abawanye na cholesterol ọbara,
• ọrịa gallstone
• oke ibu
• ọrụ ezughi oke,
• ọbara mgbali elu
• ihe legharia anya ọnya anụ ahụ na anya na akaị,
• enweghị nguzogide ọrịa na-efe efe,
• furunlera,
• atherosclerosis
• atrophy nke optic irighiri akwara,
• ígwé ojii na-emetụta afọ.

Ofdị nsogbu nke adịghị ike nke metabolism

Aredị ndị a na-emetụta oke mmezi nke Lipid metabolism:

• isi (ọmụmụ) - nkwarụ sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe siri ike na-ebute n'ihi mmụba ma ọ bụ ihe nketa site n'aka otu n'ime ndị nne na nna,
• nke abụọ - na - ebute n'ihi ọrịa ndị ọzọ,
• alimentary - ọ na - ebilite na ụzọ ndụ na - adịghị mma (nsogbu nke oke oke, iri ọtụtụ abụba, enweghị ezigbo nri na-edozi ahụ, ị ​​alcoholụbiga mmanya ókè, ise anwụrụ, na ndụ anaghị arụ ọrụ).

Diagnostics

Ebe ọ bụ na ihe e ji mara dyslipidemia nwere ihe na-abawanye ụba nke triglycerides na cholesterol n'ime ọbara, onye endocrinologist depụtara nyocha ụlọ nyocha pụrụ iche nke na-egosi foto mmịpụta na-enweghị isi na njikọ nke abụba.

Otu n'ime ụdị nyocha dị mkpa bụ profaịlụ nke nwere mmetụta, nke gụnyere 4 isi ihe ndị dọkịta na-atụkwasị obi maka ọgwụgwọ ọzọ (ngụkọta cholesterol (OXC), cholesterol) (HDL), "ọjọọ" cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides).

A na-eme nyocha nke akpịrị ọbara dị n’etiti ndị okenye ọrịa mamịnara ọrịa otu ugboro n’afọ. Iji wepu mmepe nke pathologies nke akwara obi, a na-atụ aro ka ịkpọtụrụ onye ọrịa gbasara obi na, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, ga-enyochakwu nyocha.

Cheta na nguzosi ike nke osia di na nlegide anya.

Ọgwụgwọ na mgbochi

Iji belata nsogbu ahụ ike nke metabolism na ọrịa mellitus, ọ dị mkpa ịgbaso ndụmọdụ niile nke ndị na-abịa endocrinologist. Usoro ndị a bụkwa ezigbo mgbochi nke ọrịa lipid na ọrịa shuga.

Site na ọrịa a, metabolism lipid na-ebute mgbazi ozugbo. Mmetụta ahụ bụ:

• gbanwee ụdị ndụ onye ọrịa na-ebi,
• usoro ọgwụgwọ nri
• na-a medicationụ ọgwụ.

Ndụ & oriri na-edozi

Mgbanwe obibi ndu gụnyere:

• nri nke kwesiri ịgunye nri nke gharipu ngwa ngwa (endocrinologists nyere ndumodu idebe akwukwo nri ebe onye oria dekọtara onu nri riri na anwuru kwa ubochi),
• ịkwụsị ị alcoholụ mmanya na ise sịga,
• mbelata ogo nke onye ọrịa,
• Mgbatị ahụ
• normalization nke psychoemotional ala.

Nri bụ ọnọdụ mbụ na nke kachasị mkpa n’ilekọta ụdị ọria mamịrị.

Nke mbu, ndi nwere carbohydrate bu ihe ruru 50-60% nke ihe nile kalori n’abia nile. A na - ekpochapu ihe dị n’ime carbohydrates na -ari nri. A na-edochi ha na inine, ọka, achịcha ojii, poteto na ndị ọzọ, ego ole dọkịta kpebiri ga-ekpebi.

Ọ bụ ihe anabataghị ịwepu abụba na nri, mana ha ekwesịghị karịa 25% nke nri calorie nke nri. Shouldkwesiri ịhọrọ ngwaahịa ndị gụnyere abụba na-enweghị afọ ojuju: flax na mkpụrụ sunflower, sesame, agwa, mkpụrụ, ube oyibo, salmọn, salmọn, oporo. N'oge iwe ọrịa ahụ, a na-atụ aro ịhapụ butter.

Ihe na-edozi ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 20% nke nri kalori nke nri. N'okwu nke ọ bụla, a na-atụle njimara nke ọrịa ahụ, oke ahụ nke onye ọrịa, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị oke ibu, a na-eburu n'uche ụdị ọrụ ahụ (ụgwọ ọkụ).

Inwe nri zuru ezu na nri ga-adị mkpa, ọkachasị, vitamin B na vitamin C. Nri na-edozi ahụ: nri ụtụtụ maka 25% nke kalori kwa ụbọchị, maka nri ụtụtụ nke abụọ - 10%, maka nri ehihie - 35%, maka tii ehihie - 10%, yana nri abalị - 20%. Maka ndị ọrịa nwere mellitus ọrịa shuga, ụlọ ọrụ nri na-emepụta ngwaahịa pụrụ iche nke anaghị enwe carbohydrates dị omimi ngwa ngwa: ụtọ, achịcha, kuki, sausages, wdg.

Na ntinye nke dọkịta, ọ dị mma ịgwọ na ebe ntụrụndụ, yana ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ, gụnyere mmega ahụ ụtụtụ, ije ije, mmega ahụ a na-ahụ anya, yoga, igwu mmiri, yana mmụba nwayọ nwayọ nwayọ.

Oge kachasị mma maka mmụta anụ ahụ bụ 1-2 awa mgbe nri gasịrị, mgbe ọkwa glucose dị n'ọbara bilitere.

Iji nweta ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ, mmega ahụ kwesịrị ịdị ụbọchị kwa ụbọchị, ọ bụghị na-agwụ ike ma ekwesịrị ịhazi ya n'oge ụfọdụ.

Site na adịghị ike nke usoro ọgwụgwọ nri na nhazi ụzọ ndụ, a na-ejikọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ. Dọkịta na-aga ahụ depụtara ọgwụ ndị dị mkpa iji belata cholesterol n'ime ahụ. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ọgwụgwọ nwere isi biologically na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ biology n'ụzọ ndụ, nke na-emetụta normalization nke lipid na carbohydrate na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa mellitus n'ozuzu.

Ọ kwesiri iburu n'uche na iji ọgwụ ndị na-agbatị egbugbere ọnụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla apụtaghị ịgbahapụ ọgwụ na-abụghị ọgwụ. Kama nke ahụ, usoro ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ga-adị irè ma ọ bụrụ na a na-agbaso ya. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị ọkachamara na-ekwu na ọrịa shuga, karịsịa ụdị nke 2, bụ ọrịa ndụ.

Taa, enwere ọtụtụ ọgwụ ọgwụ: satin (Atorvastatin, Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin, wdg), antioxidants, nicotinic acid na usoro ya, ndị na-eso ụzọ, fibrates. Ha dịgasị iche na usoro nke ime ihe, arụmọrụ, nsonaazụ ya, contraindications maka ụdị dyslipidemia dị iche iche.

Otu ọgwụ ọgwụ ndị a na - eji agwọ ọrịa ara bụ:

Ndi Ogbo

Na mgbakwunye, ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụgwọ ndị mmadụ ka a na-anabata, mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe nyochachara nke dọkịta na-aga.

Enwere ike imebi nkwadebe akwụkwọ ndụ nwa n’ogologo oge. Iri mmadụ ahụ riri ha ihe ahụ adịghị ewere ọnọdụ. Agbanyeghị, usoro ọgwụgwọ agaghị agafe ụbọchị 20-25, mgbe ahụ ịkwesịrị ịme izu ike. Ma jikọtakwa ọgwụ mkpirisi dị iche iche. Ekwesịrị iji obere doses malite ọgwụgwọ.

Otu akụrụngwa kachasị dị egwu ma ama ewu ewu bụ ndị a:

Stevia - ezigbo ihe mmeri nke esighi carbohydrate. Ọ gụnyere glycosides, vitamin A, C, E, B, antioxidants, mineral (phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, wdg). . Maka nke a, ọ bara uru na nkwarụ metabolic na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus. Ọbụnadị n'oge eji ogologo oge, stevia bụ ihe na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosipụtara na usoro ị na-ewere stevia, enwere mbelata n'ọbara glucose n'ọbara, mgbidi nke arịa ndị ahụ na-ewusi ike.

Na China, na World Symposium, nke tụlere nsogbu ogologo ndụ na ọrịa shuga, a mara ọkwa na a na-ewere Stevia dị ka ọgwụ kachasị mkpa.

Kpachara anya - osisi a na-egbu egbu.Maka ojiji nke ime, a na-ewere ya dị ka akụkụ nke teas ọgwụ, ma ọ bụ na mbadamba.

Ufodi ihe nlere nke ugwo eji eme ihe na adighi ike n’ime obara ibu mellitus:

Ọgwụ nke ọgwụ ike na -eme ka mkpụrụ ndụ nke akpịrị na-arịa ọrịa shuga naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ọgwụgwọ nri na mgbazi usoro obibi ewetaghị nsonaazụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Agbanyeghị, ejiri mgbakwunye ihe omimi nke ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu nke nwere taurine, nke na-emetụta usoro ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga mellitus n'ụzọ dị mma.