2) glucose ọbara

Ọrịa glycemia - ọkwa nke glucose na ọbara. Normkpụrụ bụ 60-100 mg% ma ọ bụ 3.3-5.5 mmol / L.

A na-achịkwa ọrịa glycemia site na ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ. Ọbara glucose na-agbadata n'ọtụtụ dị elu mgbe ịbasịchara ya, n'ihi afọ na mkpụkọ akwara nke carbohydrates dị omimi (nri molekul dị ala) na nri ma ọ bụ site na ndakpọ ihe oriri ndị ọzọ, dị ka nri afọ (polysaccharides). Ọbara glucose na-ebelata n'ihi catabolism, ọkachasị na ọnọdụ ịba ụba, yana mgbatị anụ ahụ, nrụgide.

Wayszọ ndị ọzọ iji hazie glycemia bụ gluconeogenesis na glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis bụ usoro ịkpụkọ akwara glucose na imeju na akụkụ cortical nke akụrụ site na molekul nke ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, amino acid na-adịghị ọcha, lactic acid, glycerol. N'oge glycogenolysis, glycogen na-akpakọtara nke akwara na akwara ọkpụkpụ na-agbanye glucose site na ọtụtụ ụdọ metabolic.

A na-agbanwe glucose karịrị ka ọ bụrụ glycogen ma ọ bụ triglycerides maka nchekwa nchekwa. Ọrịa glucose bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ike metabolic maka akụrụngwa ụfọdụ, ọkachasị maka ụfọdụ sel (dịka ọmụmaatụ, neurons na sel ọbara), nke bụcha ihe ndabere glucose dị ala. Thebụrụ chọrọ glycemia kwụsie ike iji rụọ ọrụ. Ọbara glucose na-erughị 3 mmol / L ma ọ bụ karịa 30 mmol / L nwere ike iduga n'amaghị ihe, ihe ọdịdọ, na coma.

Ọtụtụ homonụ na-etinye aka na nhazi nke usoro glucose, dị ka insulin, glucagon (nke pancreas zoro ezo), adrenaline (nke gland na adrenal zoro ezo), glucocorticoids na homonụ steroid (nke akụkụ gonads na adrenal gland zoro ezo).

obere hyperglycemia - 6.7-8.2 mmol / l,

ogo siri ike - 8.3-11.0 mmol / l,

dị arọ - karịrị 11.1 mmol / l,

ya na ngosiputa ihe kariri 16.5 mmol / l, precoma toputara,

ya na njiri mara ihe kariri 55.5, onodu aru di na hyperosmolar.

Isi ihe kpatara ọrịa hyperglycemia bụ obere insulin (hormone nke na-ebelata oke glucose na ọbara). Mgbe ụfọdụ, insulin enweghị ike ịmekọrịta ahụ nke ọma na mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ iji glucose.

Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara mmepe hyperglycemia, n'etiti ndị na-a oveụbiga mmanya ókè, na-eri nri calorie dị elu nke nwere ụba carbohydrates dị mfe ma dị mgbagwoju anya.

Nchegbu nwekwara ike ịbụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa shuga. Ọ dị mkpa ijikwa mmega ahụ gị: ịrụbiga ọrụ ókè ma ọ bụ, n'ụzọ megidere, ndụ a na-agafe agafe nwere ike iduga mmụba shuga ọbara.

Ọrịa na-efe efe na nke na-adịghị ala ala nwekwara ike ibute mgbaàmà hyperglycemia. N'ebe ndị nwere ọrịa shuga, hyperglycemia nwere ike ime n'ihi ị ofụ ọgwụ na-ebelata suga ma ọ bụ ntụtụ insulin.

- glucose ọbara dị ala.

2) oriri na-adịghị mma na -eme ka nri na - adịghị mma nke carbohydrates na - adịghị mma, yana akpọpụta fiber, vitamin, mineral salt,

3) ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa shuga mellitus na insulin, ọgwụ hypoglycemic ọgwụ bụrụ na nke ịdoụbiga mmanya ókè,

4) ezughi nri ma ọ bụ nri abalị,

5) mmega ahụ nkịtị,

7) Oge nsọ na ụmụ nwanyị,

9) oke akụkụ ahụ dara: akụrụ, ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya ma ọ bụ nkụchi obi, sepsis, ike ọgwụgwụ,

10) Enweghị oke nke homonụ: cortisol, uto uto, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ, glucagon + adrenaline,

ọ bụghị akpụ p-cell

11) akpụ (insulinoma) ma ọ bụ nzụlite ọgbụgba - hyperecretion 5-cell, hypoglycemia autoimmune, 7-ectopic secretion,

12) hypoglycemia n'ime ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka,

13) nchịkwa intravenous nke saline nwere ụmụ irighiri mmiri.

Oge ikpeazụ edegharịrị akwụkwọ a: 2017-01-24, peeji nke ịda iwu nwebiisinka

1) Glycolysis. Ọrụ ndụ, kemistri nke usoro, bioenergy, iwu. Mmetụta Pasteur.

bụ anaerobic na-akụda glucose na lactate.

C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Fn = 2 lactate + 2ATP + 2H20.

-akọtara mmeghachi omume 11 na nkebi abụọ.

N'ihi glycolysis, ahụ ahụ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ oxygen ụkọ.

Mgbe enweghi oxygen na Earthwa, glycolysis bụ isi mmalite nke ike.

Enzymes Glycolysis bụ nke dị na cytoplasm.

- Akacha glycolysis na:

-3 mmeghari mmegwara (kinase).

Agba nke mbu nke glycolysis

Agba nke abuo nke glycolysis

Ebe a na - arụ ọrụ nke enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase nwere SH-otu nke cysteine.

Na ọkwa mbu, a na - ekpopu hydrogen na aldehyde otu nke mkpụrụ, nke abụọ bụ hydrogen site na SH-otu nke etiti na-arụ ọrụ.

Hydrogen na-agafere na NAD, n'ihi na anyị na-enweta NADH + H +, a na-ewu ụlọ enzyme-substrate, nke na-emekọrịta na acid phosphoric.

A na - echekwa ike efu n'efu wepụtara n'oge anwụrụ ọkụ nke aldehyde otu n'ime phosphate ike dị elu.

Ahapụ Gị Ikwu