Ugbu a oge maka oria shuga A na-eji ọgwụ sulfonamide na-ebelata obere okpukpo. Ha kachasị dị irè n'ọrịa ndị agadi agadi na-enwekarị oke afọ. Ọ ga - ekwe omume iji ọgwụ sulfonamide yana injections insulin na ọrịa mellitus siri ike na-eto eto iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ insulin insulin. N'ihe banyere ụdị insulin na-eguzogide ọgwụ ọrịa mellitus, ojiji nke usoro sulfanilamide n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-enye nsonaazụ dị mma, na-eme ka insulin kwụsị ọrụ na iwepu mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọgwụ na ndị na-egbochi insulin. N'oge nwata na ọrịa shuga mellitus na-eto eto n'ihe banyere insulin zuru oke, ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata sulfonamide na shuga adịghị arụ ọrụ.
Nju emereme Ọgwụ shugalamide na-akụda shuga dị obere, ma n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, mbelata sel ọbara ọcha, platelet na neutrophils nwere ike ịhụ n’ọbara.

.Fọdụ na-arịa ọrịa mara ọdịdị ọgbụgba. A na-egosipụta ngosipụta nke ọrịa Allergic. A na - egbochi ọgwụ ịbelata ọgwụ sulfonamide n'oge ime na oge nwata, ya na oke mmebi na ọrịa imeju. N'oge uto na ntorobịa, ị na-eme ka ọ sugarụ shuga dị n'ọbara STH. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata protein sulfonamide nwere ike inye aka belata hyperglycemia ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na nhazi insulin.

Ugbu a nyere ihe ndị a na-eme ka ọ dị ala iji belata ụdị sulfanilamide shuga: BZ-55 (padisan, oranil, inepol, carbutamide, glucidoral, bukarban), D-860 (rastinone, tolbutamide, butamide, artosin, orinase, orabet, dolipol, wdg).

Ugbu a ọtụtụ nyocha Achọpụtara ya na BZ-55 (nadizan na analogues) nwere mmetụta akpọlata sugar karịa ka ọgwụ ndị D-860 na-akpata. Agbanyeghị, ọgwụ nke otu D-860 (rastinone na analogues) adịghị emerụ emerụ.

Ọgwụ ọgwụ sulfa na-adị ala ịhọpụta 0,5 g 1-2-3 ugboro n'ụbọchị. Nwere ike iwelie ọgwụ ahụ ruo 3 g kwa ụbọchị. Ma ọ ka mma ịrapara na doses kwesịrị ekwesị iji zere mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke ọgwụ.
Ọgwụ r-607 A na-eji chlorpropamide, diabenesis, oradian mee ihe na mbadamba 250 mg. Ọkara kwa ụbọchị nke 250-500 mg. Ọgwụ r-607 bụ nke kacha arụ ọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-ebunye shuga na sulfonamide.

Cyclamide (K-386) n'ụkpụrụ ya guzobere nso tolbutamide (D-860).
Maka nchịkwa ọnụ ọrịa shuga A na-eji biguanides eme ihe, nke site na usoro nke kemịkal nwere ike kewaa abụọ: phenethylbiguanides (DWI, phenformin, dibotin), butylbiguanides (silubin, buformip, adebite) na dimethylbiguanides glucofage, metformin). DVVI dị na mbadamba 25 mg, ọgwụ kwa ụbọchị bụ 125 mg, ọgwụ kachasị elu kwa ụbọchị bụ 150 mg. A na-etinye glucophage na mbadamba nkume nke 0,5 g ugboro abụọ n'ụbọchị. Ogo kachasị elu kwa ụbọchị nke 3 g.

Ọgwụ butylbiguanide (silubin) na-dosed na mbadamba 50 mg. Kwa ụbọchị nke 150 mg. Ogo kachasị elu kwa ụbọchị nke 300 mg. Ihe analog nke silubin bu adebit ọgwụ ndi Hungary. Ugbu a, na England, a na-enweta nkwadebe silubin na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge - awa 24 (silubin retard).

Biguanides na-akpata hypoglycemia, na-eme ka insulin na-arụ ọrụ. Mee ka uru ahụ gwuo glucose. Mee ka ihe ndị dị na lactic na pyruvic acid dị n’ọbara na iwebata glucose ma belata gluconeogenesis. Na mgbakwunye, biguanides na-eme ka phosphorylation oxidative dị na cell mitochondria. Enwere ihe ndị na-egosi na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa shuga, na-enwekarị oke ibu, na-ebelata insulin nke ukwuu, belata agụụ, ma na-akwalite ibu ibu. N'ụzọ dị iche na ịkwadobe shugalamide dị ala nke shuga, biguanides dị mma na uto na ụmụaka mgbe a na-ebelata mmepụta nke insulin na-emebi emebi.

Mmetụta utịp biguanides ntakịrị oge, etu osila dị, ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, ihe mgbu na mpaghara epigastric ka a hụrụ. Patientsfọdụ ndị ọrịa na-eji bnguanides ruo ogologo oge hụrụ adịghị ike, oke ibu. Usoro ọgwụgwọ na insulin na-enyere aka ịhazi usoro metabolic. Nkwadebe nke Bnguanide yana ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata ọgwụ mgbochi sulfanilamide na-eme ka mmadụ nwee mmetụta dị mma n'ụdị ọrịa shuga na-eguzogide ọgwụ.

Gbado anya na usoro ọgwụgwọ Ekwesiri ime ka ejighachi obi banyere oria mamiri. A na-atụ aro ịkwado ọgwụ anabolic steroid, ọgwụ vitamin, mkpuchi na-eme ka permeability nke arịa ọbara, mana anaghị atụ aro ya na ọnụnọ ọbara ọgbụgba. N'ụdị ndị a, a na-egosipụta klọọkụ chloride, rutin, na vicalin. Na ọnụnọ nke ọrịa mamịrị retinopathy na ọbara mgbali elu, a na-egosi mbelata ọbara mgbali elu na ọgwụ ọgwụ antihypertensive.

Na-arịa ọrịa shuga nephropathy O siri ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ọrịa shuga, na-enye ohere nke hypoglycemic ọnọdụ. Nlekọta nke obere insulin insulin, nke a na-achịkwa obere ihe, na-esite n'ọkwa shuga dị n'ọbara, ebe ọ bụ na enweghi shuga na ule mmamịrị. Na nri, ọ dị mkpa ịmachi nnu, abụba, anụ kwesịrị sie. Iji meziwanye njikọ protein, a na-enye ọgwụ steroid anabolic (nerabol, retabolil, wdg). N'ihe banyere uremia, lavage gastric, oxygen, ịmịnye ọbara, na ọgwụ gbasara obi.

Na ọgwụgwọ nke polyneuritis A na-atụ aro ịwa ahụ, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, mmega ahụ. Usoro insulin kwesịrị ekwesị, usoro ọgwụgwọ vitamin (mgbagwoju anya B1, B6, B12, na C) na-eme ka ọnọdụ ndị ọrịa ka mma.

O bu ọgwụ ogwu sulfonamides ka obughi?

Ee, sulfonamides bụ ọgwụ dị iche iche nke ọgwụ nje, ọ bụ ezie na na mbu, mgbe ihe ọmụmụ nke penisilini, agunyeghị ha na nkewa ahụ. Ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụ naanị eke nkịtị ma ọ bụ ọkara ihe sịntetik ka a na-ewere dịka "ezigbo", na ihe mbụ sulfonamide na usoro ya sitere na sọlfọ abụghị ihe dị otú a. Ma mgbe e mechara ọnọdụ gbanwere.

Taa sulfonamides bụ nnukwu ìgwè ọgwụ nje nke nje bacteriostatic, na-arụ ọrụ megide ọtụtụ nje na-efe efe na usoro mkpali. Tupu mgbe ahụ, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ mgbochi sulfonamide n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ. Mana ka oge na-aga, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha efunahụla ihe kpatara ya n'ihi mmụkọ na nguzogide nke nje bacteria, ma taa, a na-ejikarị ndị ọrụ ejikọtara ọnụ maka ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ.

Nkewa nke sulfonamides

Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na achọpụtara ọgwụ sulfonamide wee malite ịgwọ ya maka ebumnuche ọgwụ tupu Penicillin. Nlekọta ndị ọrịa si n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụfọdụ (ọkachasị, pronosyl ma ọ bụ “red streptocide”) sitere n'aka onye ọrịa nje German Gerhard Domagk na 1934. N'ihi ogige a, na-arụ ọrụ megide streptococci, ọ gwọrọ nwa ya nwanyị, na 1939 ọ ghọrọ onye nrite Nobel Prize.

Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke pronosyl molecule na-arụ ọrụ nke nje bacteriostatic, kama ọ bụ site na aminobenzenesulfamide (aka “ọcha streptocide” na ihe dị mfe na sulfonamides otu) achọpụtara na 1935. Ọ bụ site na mgbanwe ya ka emeghari nkwadebe ndị ọzọ niile nke klas n'ọdịnihu, ọtụtụ nke eji otutu ogwu na ogwu. N'inwe ụdị ọgwụ antimicrobial yiri nke ahụ, ha dị iche na ọgwụ ọgwụ.

Drugsfọdụ ọgwụ na-anabata ngwa ngwa ma kesaa ya, ebe ndị ọzọ na-agbaso ogologo. Enwere ihe di iche na oge ihe nlere site na aru, n'ihi nke akwara iche iche nke sulfonamides ndi di iche iche:

• -Me ihe dị mkpụmkpụ, ọkara ndụ nke erughị awa 10 (streptocid, sulfadimidine).
• Ogologo oge, onye T 1 /₂Elekere 10 ruo 24 - sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole.
• Ogologo oge (T ọkara ndụ site na ụbọchị 1 ruo ụbọchị abụọ) - sulfadimethoxin, sulfonomethoxin.
• Superlong - sulfadoxine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfalene - nke dịpụrụ adịpụ karịa awa 48.

A na-eji nkewa a maka ọgwụ a na-ekwu okwu ọnụ, agbanyeghị, enwere sulfanilamides na - anaghị ewepụta ya na eriri afọ (phthalyl sulfathiazole, sulfaguanidine), na kwa ọla ọcha na emejupụtara maka ibu.

Ndezu nke usoro nke sulfanilamide

Edepụtara ndepụta nke ọgwụ mgbochi sulfanilamide nke eji ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na aha ahia yana ngosipụta nke ụdị ntọhapụ na tebụl:

A na - enweta ọgwụ mgbochi sulfonamide niile site na ndepụta ọgwụ ugbu a. Sourcesfọdụ ebe kwuru banyere ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na - eme otu a (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Urosulfan), bụ ndị kwụsịrịla ogologo oge. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ọgwụ mgbochi sulfanilamide eji naanị ọgwụ anụmanụ.

Usoro nke emereme nke sulfonamides

Ppingkwụsị uto nke ihe nje (gram-odi na gram-microorganisms, ụfọdụ protozoa) bụ n'ihi myirịta nke kemịkal nke para-aminobenzoic acid na sulfonamide. PABA dị mkpa maka ụbụrụ iji mepụta ihe ndị kachasị mkpa mmepe - folate na dihydrofolate. Ka osiladi, mgbe ejiri sulfanilamide dochie mkpụrụ ndụ ya, usoro a ga - akụghasị ma ito nke pathogen akwụsị.

A na-etinye ọgwụ niile na ngari nri na ogo dị iche iche na ogo nke nnabata. Ndi a na - achoghi ka ogba n’ime ihe ogwara n’iri nri maka ibute oria na-efe efe. Nkesa anụ ahụ bụ nke edo edo, ana - eme metabolism n’ime imeju, excretion - nke kachasị site na akụrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-amịkọrọ depopo sulfonamides (na-eme ogologo ma na nnukwu oge) na ọdụ akwara, nke na-akọwa ogologo ndụ ahụ.

Ihe ngosi maka ojiji nke sulfonamides

Ppingkwụsị uto nke ihe nje (gram-odi na gram-microorganisms, ụfọdụ protozoa) bụ n'ihi myirịta nke kemịkal nke para-aminobenzoic acid na sulfonamide. PABA dị mkpa maka ụbụrụ iji mepụta ihe ndị kachasị mkpa mmepe - folate na dihydrofolate. Ka osiladi, mgbe ejiri sulfanilamide dochie mkpụrụ ndụ ya, usoro a ga - akụghasị ma ito nke pathogen akwụsị.

A na-etinye ọgwụ niile na ngari nri na ogo dị iche iche na ogo nke nnabata. Ndi a na - achoghi ka ogba n’ime ihe ogwara n’iri nri maka ibute oria na-efe efe. Nkesa anụ ahụ bụ nke edo edo, ana - eme metabolism n’ime imeju, excretion - nke kachasị site na akụrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-amịkọrọ depopo sulfonamides (na-eme ogologo ma na nnukwu oge) na ọdụ akwara, nke na-akọwa ogologo ndụ ahụ.

Allergy na sulfonamides

Oke ogo nke allergenicity nke nkwadebe sulfanilamide jikọtara ọnụ bụ isi nsogbu nke ojiji ha. Ihe isi ike dị na nke a bụ ọgwụgwọ pneumocystis oyi ịba n'ahụ ndị bu nje HIV, ebe Biseptol bụ ọgwụ nke ha. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ n'ụdị ndị ọrịa a ka enwere ike ịmalite mmeghachi omume nfụkasị co-trimoxazole na-abawanye okpukpu iri.

Ya mere, site na nfụkasị maka sulfanilamides, Biseptol na nkwadebe ndị ọzọ jikọtara ọnụ na co-trimoxazole na-ebute onye ọrịa. Ọkpụkpụ ọgbụgba na-egosipụtakarị site na obere ihe mgbawa na-akpata, ahụ ọkụ nwekwara ike ibilite, ihe mejupụtara ọbara (neutro- na thrombocytopenia) nwere ike gbanwee. N’okwu ndị siri ike - syndromes Lyell na Stevens-Johnson, erythema multiforme, uredị anaphylactic, ụrọ Quincke.

Ihe nfụkasị mmiri na-eme ka sulfonamides kwụsị ị theụ ọgwụ kpatara ya, yana ojiji nke ọgwụ mgbochi nfụkasị.

Nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke sulfonamides

Ọtụtụ ọgwụ na otu a bụ ndị na-egbu egbu ma na-anabataghị nke ọma, nke bụ ihe kpatara mbelata ojiji ha mgbe nchọpụta penicillin gasịrị. Na mgbakwunye na allergies, ha nwere ike ibute ọgbaghara dyspeptik, isi ọwụwa na mgbu afọ, enweghị mmasị, neuritis na-emetụta ala, hematopoiesis, bronchospasm, polyuria, dysfunction renal, nephropathy na-egbu egbu, myalgia na arthralgia. Na mgbakwunye, ihe ize ndụ nke imepụta kristal na-abawanye, yabụ ịkwesịrị ị drinkụ ọtụtụ ọgwụ ma drinkụọ mmiri mmiri alkaline.

Mmekọrịta na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ

Achọpụtaghị mgbochi na ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ na sulfonamides. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na ndị nnọchianya ọgwụ hypoglycemic na coagularect na-apụtaghị ìhè, a na-eme ka mmetụta ha ka mma. A naghị akwado ya ka ikpokọta ọgwụ mgbochi-sulfonamides yana thiazide diuretics, rifampicin na cyclosporine.

Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti sulfonamides na sulfonamides

N'agbanyeghị aha ndị a na-echekarị, kemikal ndị a na-adị iche iche. Sulfonamides (koodu maka ATX C03BA) bu diuretics - diuretics. Edere ọgwụ ọgwụ otu maka ọbara mgbali elu, oke ihe, gestosis, ọrịa shuga, oke ibu na ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-esonyere mkpo mmiri.

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides - ọgwụ antimicrobial abụọ (π)-aminobenzenesulfamide - amide nke sulfanilic acid (para-aminobenzene sulfonic acid). Ejirila ọtụtụ ihe ndị a dị ka ihe ndị na-egbochi nje bacteria kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ. di na nwunye-Aminobenzenesulfamide - compound kachasị dị mfe - a na-akpọkwa streptocide ọcha ma a ka na-eji ya na ọgwụ. Obere ihe dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe owuwu, sulfonamide pronosil (streptocide ọbara ọbara) bụ ọgwụ izizi na ndị otu a, na mkpokọta, ọgwụ mgbochi mbufụt antibacterial mbụ n'ụwa.

Na 1934, G. chọtara ihe ndị na-egbochi nje ihe.Domagk. Na 1935, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na Pasteur Institute (France) chọpụtara na ọ bụ akụkụ sulculamide nke molecule nwere mmetụta antibacterial, ọ bụghị ihe owuwu nyere ya agba. Achọpụtara ya na "ụkpụrụ arụ ọrụ" nke streptocide ọbara ọbara bụ sulfanilamide, bụ nke emebere n'oge metabolism (streptocide, streptocide white). Red streptocide apụọla n'iji ya, ma na ndabere nke mkpụrụ ndụ sulfanilamide, etinyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke usoro ya, nke ụfọdụ ejirila n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ.

Mlọ ọgwụ ọgwụ

Sulfanilamides na-eme ihe na-akpata nje, ya bụ, ha nwere ọrụ chemotherapeut na nje na-akpata ọrịa na-akpata gram-positive na gram-negative bacteria, ụfọdụ protozoa (ọrịa nje, toxoplasmosis), chlamydia (ya na trachoma, paratrachoma).

Omume ha bụ nke nwere ihe metụtara imebi nke microorganisms nke ihe ndị dị mkpa maka mmepe ha - folic na dihydrofolic acid na ihe ndị ọzọ, molekul nke gụnyere para-aminobenzoic acid. Usoro nke ihe a na ejikọtara ya na ihe owuwu nke sulfanilamide akụkụ ya di na nwunye-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) - mkpụrụ nke enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, nke na - eme ka ahydụ dihydropteroic acid, nke na - eduga n'ịsọ asọmpi nke syntinoase dihydropteroate. Nke a, n'aka nke ya, na-eduga n'ọgba aghara na nsị nke dihydropteroic dihydrofolate, ma tetrahydrofolate, n'ihi nke a, mebie njikọ nke acid a na-ahụ anya na nje.

Iji nweta ọgwụgwọ ọria, a ga-ederịrị ha na usoro onunu ogwu zuru oke iji gbochie ohere nke microorganisms site na iji para-aminobenzoic acid dị na anụ ahụ. Ọgwụ ezughị ezu nke sulfonamide ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ịkwụsị ọgwụgwọ n'oge n'oge nwere ike iduga ntopute nke ọrịa na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-agaghị enwe ike ịmekwu ihe nke sulfonamides. Imirikiti ụmụ nje dị oke mkpa na-eguzogide ọgwụ sulfonamides ugbu a. Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na ọgwụ ụfọdụ, molekul nke gụnyere nke fọdụrụ para-aminobenzoic acid (dịka ọmụmaatụ, novocaine), nwere ike ịnwe mmetụta antisulfanilamide akpọ.

Ngwakọta ọgwụ ọgwụ |

2,5.2.2. Ọgwụ Sulfa

Sulfanilamides - ndị na - egbochi antimicrobial, ihe dị iche iche nke sulfanilic acid amide (ọcha ọcha). Ihe ha choputara bu amụma nke P. Ehrlich banyere ohere imebi ihe na - emebi ihe site na ihe cytotoxic nke ihe ndozi. Ọgwụ mbụ nke otu a dụpua ya (uhie streptocide) gbochiri ọnwụ nke ụmụ oke. ọnya ọnya na-egbu okpukpu iri nke hemolytic streptococcus.

Dabere na molekul sulfanilamide na ọkara nke 30 nke 30, ọtụtụ nchịkọta ndị ọzọ bụ ndị mejupụtara (norsulfazole, ethazole, sulfazine, sulfacyl, wdg). Mpụta nke ọgwụ nje emeela ka mmasị na sulfonamides belata, mana ha efunahụ uru ụlọ ọrụ ha dị, ugbu a, a na-eji ha "eme ogologo" (sulfapyridazine, sulfalene, wdg) na tumadi ọgwụ ọnụ (co-trimoxazole na analogues, nke gụnyere trimethoprim na mgbakwunye na sulfonamide) . Ọgwụ ndị ahụ nwere ọgwụ mgbochi ọgwụ dị iche iche (gram-positive na gram-negative nje, chlamydia, ụfọdụ protozoa - ọrịa nje na toxoplasmosis, nje na-egbu nje - actinomycetes, wdg).

A na-ekewa Sulfanilamides n'ime otu ndị a:

2. Ọgwụ nke na-etinye obi gị dum n’afọ, ma jiri nwayọ wepụta ya na akụrụ (ogologo oge): sulfamethoxypyridazine (sulfapyridazine), sulfonomethoxin, sulfadimethoxin, sulfalene.

Otu na nke abụọ, nke na-etinye obi gị dum na eriri afọ, na-agwọ ọrịa systemic, nke atọ - maka ịgwọ ọrịa nke eriri afọ (ọgwụ adịghị etinye ya ma na-eme ya na lumen nke tract diges), nke anọ - nke dị elu, na nke ise (ọgwụ ndị agbakọrọ na trimethoprim) dị irè. na-ebute ọrịa nke akụkụ iku ume na akwara, ọrịa eriri afọ.

Usoro nke ime ihe. Sulfanilamides na-akpata bacteriostasis. Ha bụ ndị na-emegide asọmpi para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), nke dị mkpa maka microorganisms iji mepụta folic acid: nke ikpeazụ n'ụdị coenzyme (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate) na-etinye aka na nguzobe ọcha na pyrimidine, nke na-ahụ na uto na mmepe nke microorganisms. Sulfanilamides dị nso na kemịkal na PABA ma ya mere mkpụrụ ndụ microbial na-ejide ya kama PABA. N'ihi ya, a na-akwụsị njikọ nke folic acid. Mkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ enweghị ike ịgwakọta folic acid (ọ na-abịa na nri), nke na-akọwa nhọrọ nke ọgwụ antimicrobial nke ọgwụ ndị a. Sulfanilamides anaghị emetụta nje ndị na-emepụta PABA. Na ọnụnọ nke pus, ọbara, ngwaahịa mbibi anụ ahụ nwere nnukwu PABA, ọgwụ ndị ahụ adịghị arụ ọrụ. Ọgwụ ndị mepụtara PABA n'ihi nsonaazụ biotransformation (novocaine, dicaine) bụ ndị na-emegide ekwonkwoamide.

Ngwakọta ogwu: co-trimoxazole (bactrim, biseptol), sulfatone, nke, na mgbakwunye na ọgwụ sulfa (sulfamethoxazole, sulfamonomethoxine), gụnyere trimethoprim, bụ ndị ọrụ antibacterial na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu. Trimethoprimna-egbochi mbelata dihydrofolic acid, ọ na-egbochi ntụgharị ya na tetrahydrofolic acid na-arụ ọrụ. Ya mere, na ntinye nke ngwakọta sulfanilamide jikọtara ọnụ, ọ bụghị naanị njikọ nke folic acid ka egbochi, kamakwa ntụgharị ya na coenzyme nọ n'ọrụ (tetrahydrofolate). Ọgwụ ndị ahụ nwere ọrụ nje na-emegide nje gram-positive na gram-bacteria.

Isi ụzọ nchịkwa nke sulfonamides bụ site n'ọnụ. N'ime obere eriri afọ, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa ma zuo ezu (ma e wezụga ọgwụ ndị siri ike - phthalazole, phthazine, salazosulfanilamides, edebere maka ọrịa nke eriri afọ), na-ejikọ protein protein n'ime ọbara, mgbe ahụ, jiri nke nta nke nta tọhapụ site na njikọ ahụ, na-amalite igosipụta ọrụ antimicrobial, naanị n'efu bụ ọgwụ mgbochi. nkebi. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na sulfonamides niile na-agafe ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ nke ọma, gụnyere hepatohematic, ụbụrụ ọbara, placental. A na-emegharị ha na imeju, a na-ezobe ụfọdụ n'ime bile (karịsịa ndị na-eme ogologo oge, nke mere na-aga nke ọma maka ọrịa biliary tract.

Mainzọ kachasị mma nke biotransformation nke sulfonamides bụ acetylation. Mkpụrụ ọgwụ metabolites na-egbochi ọgwụ na-egbochi ihe ndị na-egbu nje, na-adị ala nke ukwuu, na gburugburu acidic, mmamịrị nwere ike ịmepụta kristal na-emebi ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ọwa aha. Bụrụ na ọrịa urinary ọnya, ọgwụ sulfonamides ka edepụtara, nke a na-agbatị ma bepụ na mmamịrị n'ụdị efu (urosulfan, etazole).

Zọ ọzọ nke usoro biotransformation bụ glucuronidation. Ọtụtụ ọgwụ dị ogologo (sulfadimethoxine, sulfalene) na-efunahụ ọrụ site na njikọta glucuronic acid. Ihe glucuronides na-esite na-adị ngwa ngwa (enweghị ihe ize ndụ nke kristal).

Agbanyeghị, nhọpụta ha na nwata dị ezigbo egwu, ebe ọ bụ na arụmọrụ glucuronyl transferase (glucuronidation catalyst) na-eduga na nchịkọta nke sulfonamide n'ọbara na mmanya. Sulfonamides na ngwaahịa biotransformacin ha bụ nke kachasị na mmamịrị. Site na ọrịa akụrụ, a na - agbatị ọsọ ọsọ - nsonaazụ nwere ike ibute.

N’agbanyeghi nkwupụta nke ihe ahụ, ọgwụ sulfonamide na-enye ọtụtụ ọghọm: mmeghachi ahụ nfụkasị ahụ, mmebi nke akụkụ ahụ parenymal (akụrụ, imeju), akwara ozi, ọbara na akụkụ ahụ na-akpụ ọbara. Nsogbu na-abịakarị bụ kristalia n'ihi mkpu nke sulfonamides na metabolites metabolites ha na akụrụ, ureters, na urinary. Mgbe ha na-ebu ụzọ, ha na-akpụ aja, okwute, na-akpasu akụrụ akụrụ, na-egbochi ọnya ụkwara ma na-eduga na mkpụkọ akwara. Iji gbochie ya, a na-enye ọtụtụ ihe ọ drinkụ drinkụ ọ urineụ ,ụ, a na-ebelata acidity (citrate ma ọ bụ sodium bicarbonate ka ọ nwee mmachi). Ojiji nke nkwonkwo mejupụtara 2-3 sulfonamides dị irè (ọ ga-ebelata ike nke kristal jiri okpukpu abụọ belata).

A na-egosipụta nrịanrịa ọbara site na cyanosis, methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anaemia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis.

Cyanosis na-etolite n'ihi ihe mgbochi nke erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase, nke na-agbagha nlọghachi nke carbon dioxide na ikuku oxygen nke haemoglobin. Mmachi nke ọrụ peroxidases na catalases na-akwalite mkpokọta peroxides n'ime sel ọbara ọbara yana ụcha ọbara ọbara hemoglobin (nke methemoglobin) na-esote. Mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọbara nke nwere ọbara haemoglobin na-efunyụ mmụọ osmotic, a na-ahụkwa ha (haemolytic anaemia).

Na ụmị ọkpụkpụ, n'okpuru mmetụta nke sulfonamides, enwere ike ịhụta mmebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ na - akpụ ọbara, nke na - eduga na mmepe nke agranulocytosis, anaemia anplastic.

Formationmepụta ihe ndi dị n’ime ọbara mepụtara site na ntinye aka nke folic acid, nke anụ ahụ na-enweta nri, ma ọ bụ dịka ngwaahịa dị mkpa nke saprophytic microbial flora nke eriri afọ: sulfonamides na-egbochi microorganisms eriri afọ saprophytic site na iji ogologo oge, ma ọ bụrụ na enweghi oke oriri nke folic acid na nri, mgbe ahụ. ọrịa ọbara aplastic.

Ihe na-eme na leukopenia bụ n'ihi mgbochi nke enzymes zinc nwere, nke a na-achọta n'ọtụtụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha. Mmetụta nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke sulfonamides na leukocytes dịka usoro aniline dịkwa mkpa.

Omume nke sulfonamides na sistemụ akwara na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụdị ọgbụgbọ, isi ọwụwa, mmeghachi omume nwayọ, ịda mba. Mmebi nke usoro ụjọ ahụ n'ụdị neuritis, polyneuritis (hypovitaminosis B 1, ụkọ choline acetylation).

Ekwesighi inye ndị inyom dị ime Sulfanilamides, ọkachasị bactrim, ebe ọ bụ na ọgwụ ndị a nwere mmetụta teratogenic ma na-ebute mmepe nke nwa ebu n'afọ. Womenmụ nwanyị nọọsụ agaghị a sulfụ sulfonamides, ebe ọ bụ na arara ha nke ọma.

Ọ bụ ezie na mkpa nke sulfonamides maka omume ụlọ ọgwụ adaala n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi oke ọnya na-eguzogide ọgwụ, a ka na-eji ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikọ ọnụ eme ihe: nnukwu ọrụ nje, nguzogide ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite, na pasent dị obere nke nsogbu. Ejiri ha maka ọrịa urinary na eriri afọ, ọrịa iku ume (bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis), co-trimoxazole ka edepụtara maka ndị ọrịa AIDS na-arịa pneumocystis pneumonia, nke bụ isi ihe kpatara ọnwụ nke ndị ọrịa dị otú ahụ.

Mgbe etinyere ya n'omume, ekwesiri icheta na ọgwụ ndị ahụ na-eme naanị ọnya dị ọcha, ebe ọnụnọ nke nnụnụ, anụ ahụ necrotic, ọbara nwere nnukwu PABA, nke na-egbochi ọrụ antibacterial nke sulfonamides. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa iji buru ụzọ gwọọ ọnya ahụ, jiri mmiri peroxide hydrogen peroxide na ọgwụ mgbochi ndị ọzọ, wee tinye ọgwụ ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, sulfonamides na-egbochi nguzobe nke granulations, yabụ, n'oge oge ọnya ahụ, a ga-eji ụzọ ndị ọzọ dochie ha.