Gịnị bụ glucagon?

Gini bụ glucagon homonụ na gịnị ka ọ dị n’aka? A na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa iji hụ na arụ ọrụ mmadụ kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ. Yana homonụ ndị ọzọ nke gwọọ endocrine glands na-edozi arụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ akụkụ na sistem.

Homonụ nke anụ ahụ

Aronị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ahụ mmadụ, nke na-enweghị nke ọ nweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ na - emepụta ọtụtụ homonụ na - emetụta usoro metabolic na - emetụta. Ha na - ekere òkè na ntụgharị nke ihe ndị na - esite na nri, na - agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

Homonụ isi nke enwere ike ịmịpụta na pancreas bụ:

• insulin Maka ịrụ ọrụ dị ka glucose ọbara,
• glucagon. Ọ nwere mmetụta dị iche na insulin,
• somatostatin. Ọrụ bụ isi bụ imechi ihe ndị na - eme ka ihe na - arụ ọrụ nke ọma (dịka ọmụmaatụ, uto uto, thyrotropin, na ndị ọzọ),
• polypeptide ọgwụ mgbu. Na-achịkwa usoro nri nri.

Nkọwapụta homonụ

A na-akpọ Glucagon homonụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ alfa nke agwaetiti Langenhans. Enwere ike ịhazi ya site na iji akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke eriri afọ. Dabere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkal, glucagon nwere ọdịdị peptide. A na - eme ihe a site na preproglucagon. Mmepụta homonụ a na-adabere na oke glucose na-ebute nri.

Ọzọkwa, insulin ya, ụfọdụ amino acid na ọdụdụ na-emetụta ya. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ na-abawanye ụba nri nri protin na nri ya, nke a na-eduga n’ịba ụba nke alanine na arginine. Amino acid ndị a na-akpali mmụba nke hormone a n'ọbara mmadụ. N'aka nke ya, nke ikpeazụ na - arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na - eme. Ọ na - agbanwe amino acid ka ọ bụrụ glucose, bụ́ nke na-eduga n’inye ndị anụ ahụ ọ bụla ihe ndị dị mkpa homonụ.

Ọzọkwa, nzuzo nke glucagon na-abawanye site na mgbatị anụ ahụ dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ kpughere ahụ ya n'ọtụtụ ule (na njedebe nke mbọ), mkpokọta nke homonụ nwere ike ịbawanye karịa ugboro ise.

Otu njiri mara nke ihe a bụ na ebibie ya n’akụkụ ụfọdụ - imeju, akụrụ. Ọzọkwa, homonụ a na-agbadata na plasma, na nsụkọrọ anụ ahụ. Ntinye uche nke homonụ glucagon zuru oke n’ime ọbara bụ 27-120 pg / ml.

Ebumnuche arụmọrụ

Ọrụ nke glucagon bụ:

• na-emetụta ndakpọ nke akwara na akwara nke glycogen, ebe a na-echekwa ya dịka ikike nchekwa. N'ihi nsonaazụ a, a na-ahapụ glucose,
• a na-eme ka usoro ịda mba ghara ịdị. Nke a bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ntinye uche nke lipase na sel na-aba ụba. N'ihi ya, ngwaahịa ọgwụ na-akụda akpịrị, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike, na-abanye n'ọbara
• a malitere usoro glucose site na ihe ndị na-ejikọghị ya na carbohydrate group.
• Mmụba ọbara na-etopụta akụrụ,

• glucagon na - eme ka obara di elu, onodi ugboro na otutu oge contractions nke akwara obi,
• n'ọtụtụ dị elu, homonụ ahụ na-arụpụta ọgwụ antispasmodic. Nke a na-ebute mbelata akwara mbufụt nke akụkụ eriri afọ,
• ọnụego sodium mwepu si ahụ na-abawanye. N'ihi ya, electrolytic ruru ke ahu bụ nkịtị. Nke a na - emetụta sistemụ akụrụngwa akwara ozi,
• A na-achọpụta mgbake nke mkpụrụ ndụ imeju,
• mkpụrụ ndụ na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ, n'ihi nke na ha na-apụ na insulin.
• ịba ụba nke calcium intracellular.

Ọrụ nke homonụ maka ahụ mmadụ

Usoro nke glucagon a na-atule na ọ ga - eme ka inweta ume ike nke anụ ahụ dị n’ọkpụkpụ ume. Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ nke homonụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem gụnyere glucose, ọdụdụ abụba n'efu, keto acid. Ọzọkwa, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (nke na-akpatakarị nrụgide), inye ọbara n'ọkpụkpụ akwara na-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ihi mkpali obi. Hormon a nwere mmetụta na - eme ka ọ dịwanye ụtọ na ọdịnaya nke catecholamines. Nke a na-akpali mmeghachi omume pụrụ iche nke anụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-akpata nchekasị dịka 'kụrụ ma ọ bụ na-agba ọsọ'.

Ọrụ nke glucagon, nke ọrụ ya bụ ịnọgide na-enwe nchịkọta kachasị mma nke glucose na ahụ, bara uru maka ndụ mmadụ nkịtị. Sistem Central enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n’enweghị ihe ndị a. Maka ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ọbara mmadụ kwesịrị ịdị ihe 4 g glucose kwa elekere. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi nbibi nke lipids, a na-ebelata oke nke cholesterol n'ime ahụ. Mana oke ọdịnaya homonụ a na - eduga n’ọrụ ọjọọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n’ọnọdụ a, a na-ahụkarị etuto ọjọọ.

Iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe

Ọgwụ nwere glucagon (nkuzi a na-egosi nke a) nwere ihe ndị ewepụtara na pancreas sitere na anụmanụ (anụ ezi, bovine).

Ha bụ otu ihe ahụ mejupụtara ahụ mmadụ. Mmetụta ọgwụ ọgwụ Glucagon na-etinye uche n'ihe ndị dịka glucose na glycogen na-enye gị ohere iji ya maka ebumnuche ọgwụgwọ na ọnọdụ ndị a:

• na ọnọdụ siri ike hypoglycemia kpatara. A na-ahụkarị ya na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus. A na-ejikarị ya n'ọnọdụ ebe ọ na-enweghị ike ibunye glucose ọbara,
• na nyocha radieshon dị ka ụzọ iji kagbuo motility nke usoro nri.
• na ujo ọgwụgwọ na ndị ọrịa na-arịa ọrịa uche,
• ọnụnọ ọnụnọ nnukwu diverticulitis dị ka ụzọ iji kpochapụ ọrịa spasms,
• n'ihu ọnya nke ọnya biliary,
• iji mee ka akwara dị mma nke eriri afọ dị larịị.

Ofzọ nke ngwa

Ntụziaka maka glucagon na-egosi na a na-eji ọgwụ a maka hypoglycemia na ọnụọgụ 1 ml ma ọ bụ intramuscularly. A na-ahụ ọkwa glucose dị elu 10 nkeji mgbe nchịkwa ọgwụ gasịrị. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a zuru ezu iji zere imebi usoro akwara ozi.

Ntụziaka maka iji ọgwụ ahụ na-egosi na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ọkara 0,5-1 maka ụmụaka na-arịa ọrịa nke ịdị arọ ya karịrị 20 n'arọ. Ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị ahụ erughị ogo ya, mgbe ahụ, usoro ọgwụgwọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya abụghị ihe karịrị 0,5 ml, nke kwekọrọ na 20-30 μg / kg. Ọ bụrụ na mgbe izizi nke homonụ ahụ rụpụtara ọchọpụtabeghị, a na-atụ aro imeghachi ntụtụ ahụ ka nkeji iri na abụọ gachara.

Ihe ngbanwe

Ihe ndi a bu ihe anakpo ndi ogwu ihe nke homonụ a:

• hypersensitivity na mmiri nke ọgwụ ọgwụgwọ,
• hyperglycemia
• insulinoma
• pheochromocytoma.

Ego ọgwụ a maka ọgwụgwọ nke ụfọdụ nsogbu dị n’ime ụmụ nwanyị dị ime. Ọ dịghị agafe ihe mgbochi placental ma ọ nweghị emetụta nwa ebu n’uzo n’ụzọ ọ bụla. N’oge ị na-enye nwa ara, a na-elezi anya ị na-ahụ maka ịba ụba nke hormonal a.

Gịnị bụ glucagon?

Kemgbe nchọpụta insulin, achọpụtara na mgbe nchịkwa ọbara intraven, nke ọnọdụ hypoglycemic mara, akara a bu obere mkpirisi, ma bụrụkwa nke doro anya.

Mgbe ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ nchọpụta ihe ịtụnanya a, Ebel na ndị ya na ha rụkọtara ọrụ jisiri ike nweta insulin nke na-enweghị nkụ nke na-akpata ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bịara bụrụ na hyperglycemia nwa oge hụrụ na mmalite nke insulin nchịkwa ọ bụghị site na insulin n'onwe ya, kama ọ bụ adịghị ọcha dị na ya.

A gwala ya na adịghị ọcha nke insulin bụ ngwaahịa anụ ahụ nke pancreas, nke enyere aha ya "glucagon." Ikewa nke glucagon na insulin siri ezigbo ike, mana Staub nọpụrụ iche n'ụdị nke nso nso a.

Glucagon bụ protein protein nke na - adịghị ada mbà ma nweekwa amino acid niile a na - enweta na insulin, ma e wezụga proline, isoleucine na cystine, yana amino acid abụọ, methionine na tryptophan, nke a na - ahụghị na insulin. Glucagon bụ ihe na-eguzogide ọgwụ karịa insulin na alkalis. Cularkpụrụ ya dị egwu sitere na 6000 ruo 8000.

Ọrụ nke glucagon n'ime ahụ mmadụ

Glucagon, dị ka ndị nyocha niile si kwuo, bụ hormone nke abụọ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụ so na-eme ka a na-eme ka glucose na-akpata ọbara iji glycogen na-arịa hypoglycemia.

Ihe dị mkpa: Nlekọta nke glucagon intravenia na-ebute ọdịdị nke glycemia nwa oge. Egosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe hyperglycemic nke glucagon na glycogen n'ime imeju site na nlele gosiri na mgbe o nyechara ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ ike gluc hụrụ mmụba ọbara ọbara, ebe a na-eji ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ketosis mamịrị na-arịa ọrịa shuga, nke na-ebelata imeju na imeju, enweghị ụdị mmụba dị na shuga ememme.

Achọpụtara Glucagon ọ bụghị naanị n'ọtụtụ insulin na-azụmaahịa azụmahịa, kamakwa na mgbakwunye nke ọgwụ. A tụwo aro na mkpụrụ ndụ alfa bụ saịtị nke glucagon guzobere yana mkpụrụ ndụ beta bụ saịtị insulin.

Edepụtara nkwupụta a na ntọala na na anụmanụ anụmanụ nwere nnwale ọrịa shuga, nke a na-ebibie mkpụrụ ndụ beta, pịkụl gịrị ka na-enwe glucagon.

Site na nleba anya gosipụtara na cobalt chloride na-emetụta oke mkpụrụ ndụ alfa, a duziri ọmụmụ banyere glucagon na pancreas mgbe ị thisụ ọgwụ a, ebe egotara na mbelata ya na 60%. Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ndị na - ede akwụkwọ na - emegide eziokwu ahụ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ alfa na - emepụta glucagon, ma kwenyere na ebe a na - ewu ya ka amabeghị.

N'ịbụ ndị ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ gbara akwụkwọ, enwere ọtụtụ glucagon na 2/3 nke mucosa gastric na obere ntakịrị na duodenum. O pere mpe n'ime ya nọ na mpaghara ahụ na akụkụ nke ahụ na ọ bụ kpam kpam na mucosa nke nnukwu eriri afọ yana eriri afọ.

A na-ahụkwa ihe nwere otu ihe eji eme glucagon na mmamịrị na mmamịrị nke ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga, na mmamịrị ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ọrịa shuga. N'okwu ndị a, anyị nwere ike ikwu maka homonụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke mebiri emebi ya.

Glucagon na-ebute hyperglycemia, glycogenolysis na enweghị ọnya adrenal n'ihi glycogen imeju. Hyperglycemia anaghị etolite na nchịkwa glucagon n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ nwere imeju wepụrụ. Glucagon na insulin bụ ndị na - emegide ụzọ ọnụ ma na - enyere ha aka ijikwa nguzozi glycemic, ebe mgbanwe nke shuga n'ọbara na - akpali nzuzo ha.

Ọbụna tupu nchọpụta nke insulin, achọtara ìgwè dị iche iche nke sel na agwaetiti. Glucagon n'onwe ya chọpụtara na Merlin na Kimball na 1923, erughi afọ 2 mgbe insulin gasịrị. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na nchọpụta insulin kpatara ọgba aghara, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwere mmasị na glucagon.

Naanị mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ ka ọ matachara ọrụ dị mkpa physiological nke homonụ a na-arụ na nhazi nke glucose na metabolism body metabolism, mana ọrụ ya dị ka ọgwụ ka dịkwa obere taa. A na-eji Glucagon naanị maka nkwụsị ngwa ngwa nke hypoglycemia, yana na nyocha nke radieshon dị ka ọgwụ na-egbochi motility eriri afọ.

Njirimara kemịkal

Glucagon bụ otu polypeptide siliki nke nwere nsị amino acid 29. Enwere njikọta dị ukwuu n'etiti glucagon na homonụ polypeptide ndị ọzọ, gụnyere secretin, VIP, na peptide gastroinhibitory. Amino acid usoro glucagon na anụ na-ara ara na-echebe nke ọma, ọ bụ otu ihe ahụ na mmadụ, ehi, ezì na oke.

Ejiri Glucagon mee ihe site na preproglucagon, peceside nke amino acids 180 na ngalaba ise na-aga nhazi dị iche (Bell et al., 1983). Peptide akara N-termin na moproprolulucagon preproglucagon bụ nke glycine-like pancreatic peptide, sochiri amino acid nke glucagon na glucagon-like peptides nke ụdị 1 na nke abụọ.

Ikpachara anya: A na-eme nhazi nke preproglucagon n'ọtụtụ nkebi wee dabere na anụ ahụ dị na ya. N'ihi ya, a na-etolite peptides dị iche site na otu preprohormone n'ime a-sel nke agwaetiti pancreatic na mkpụrụ ndụ akwara neuroendocrine (mkpụrụ ndụ L) (Mojsov et al., 1986).

Glicentin, ihe dị ezigbo mkpa n'etiti nhazi, mejupụtara glycine nke N-terminal peptide na glucagon C-, kewapụrụ site na nsị arginine abụọ. Oxyntomodulin mejupụtara glucagon na C-terminal hexapeptide, nke nwekwara nsị arginine abụọ kewara.

Ọrụ physiological nke glucagon precursor apụtaghị, mana iwu dị mgbagwoju anya nke nhazi nke preproglucagon na-atụ aro na ha niile ga-enwerịrị ọrụ. N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke sel nke pancreatic, ihe dị n'etiti glucagon na elu rim site na glycine bụ ihe pụrụ iche.

N'ime mkpụrụ ndụ L-eriri afọ, nsogbu nchekwa mkpụrụ ndụ nwere naanị glycine; o doro anya, mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a enweghị enzyme nke na-agbanwe glycine na glucagon. Oxyntomodulin na-ejikọ ndị na-anabata glucagon na hepatocytes ma na-akpali adenylate cyclase, ọrụ nke peptide a bụ 10-20% nke ọrụ glucagon.

Ptdị glucagon atọ dị ka peptide bụ ihe na - akpali akpali nke insulin insulin, mana o nwechaghị mmetụta ọ bụla na hepatocytes. A na-achọta Glycine, oxyntomodulin na peptides glucagon dịka glucagon dị na eriri afọ. Ihe nzuzo ha na-aga n’ihu ma ọria ala.

Iwu nzuzo

A na - ahazi glucose na glucose site na nri, insulin, amino acids na acids fatty. Ọrịa glucose bụ ihe na-egbochi ike imechi glucagon. Mgbe a na -ekwu ya n’onu, ọ na - enwe mmetụta siri ike karịa zoro ezo nke glucagon karịa na nchịkwa iv (dịka, na mberede, na zoro ezo nke insulin). Eleghị anya, uto glucose na-agbasa site na ụfọdụ homonụ digestive.

Ndụmọdụ! Ọ na-efunahụ na ọrịa mellitus na-arịa ọrịa shuga, ọ bụ ọgwụ a na-anaghị agwọta ya, ọ naghịkwa efe efe. N'ihi ya, mmetụta nke glucose na sel, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, na-adabere na mkpali nke insulin na-eme ka ọ dị nro. Somatostatin, acid na abụba na ahụ ketone na-egbochikwa glucagon.

Imirikiti amino asịd na-eme ka mmiri ọgwụ glucagon na insulin nwee ike. Nke a na - akọwa ihe kpatara na, mgbe ị foodsụchara nri protin dị mma, hypoglycemia dị n'etiti insulin, na-adịghị eme mmadụ. Dị ka glucose, amino acid na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma e jiri ọnụ ghee ya karịa mgbe e nyere ya n'olu. Ya mere, uto ha nwekwara ike ịbụ nke akụkụ homonụ na-agbadata.

Na mgbakwunye, sistem glucagon na-achịkwa sistem. Iwe iwe nke akwara ozi akwara na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịbanye na pancreas, yana iwebata adrenostimulants na sympathomimetics na-eme ka mmụba nke homonụ a sie ike.

Acetylcholine nwere mmetụta yiri ya. Glucagon maka ọrịa shuga. N'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus decompensens, ihe gbasara glucagon na plasma na-abawanye.N'ihi ikike ya iji kwalite gluconeogenesis na glycogenolysis, glucagon na-eme ka hyperglycemia dịkwuo elu. Agbanyeghị, ịmịcha glucagon na-arịa ọfụma na mellitus ọrịa shuga na-eyi nke abụọ na ọdịdị ma na-apụ n'anya mgbe ọkwa glucose ọbara na-ahazi (Unger, 1985).

E gosipụtara ọrụ nke hyperglucagonemia na ọrịa shuga mellitus site na nyocha na ntinye nke somatostatin (Gerich et al., 1975). Somatostatin, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụchaghị ọgwụ metabolism kpamkpam, na-agbadata ọnụego mmepe nke hyperglycemia na ketonemia na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa shuga na-akpata insulin mgbe mwepu insulin na mberede.

N'ime ndị ahụ dị mma, na nzaghachi hypoglycemia, glucagon zoro, na ọrịa shuga na-akpata insulin na-egbochi usoro nchebe a dị mkpa na-efu na mmalite nke ọrịa.

Usoro nke ime ihe

Glucagon na-ejikọ ọnụ na onye na-anabata ya na akpụkpọ ahụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ iche iche, ihe nnabata a bụ glycoprotein nke nwere molikula dị 60,000 (Sheetz and Tager, 1988). Ewuzighi usoro nke onye na-anabata ya kpamkpam, mana a maara na enwere ya na protein Gj na-eme ka nchịkwa adenylate cyclase.

Ihe dị mkpa: Isi mmetụta nke glucagon na hepatocytes bụ onye cAMP na-agbagha. Ngbanwe nke akụkụ N-termin nke glucagon molecule na-eme ka ọ bụrụ agonist elekere: a na-echekwa mmekọrịta maka onye nnabata n'otu ogo ma ọ bụ ọzọ, na ikike iji rụọ ọrụ adenylate cyclase furu efu (Unson et al., 1989). Ọ kachasị, Phen'-glucagon na des-His'-Glu9-glucagonamide na-akpa ezi agwa.

Site na phosphorylation dabere na cAMP, glucagon na-eme ka phosphorylase rụọ ọrụ, enzyme nke na-egbochi mmachi mmeghachi omume glycogenolysis. N'otu oge ahụ, glycogen synthetase phosphorylation na-eme, ọrụ ya na-ebelata.

N'ihi ya, a na-eme ka glycogenolysis dịkwuo mma, a na-egbochikwa glycogenesis. cAMP na-akpalikwa ntụgharị nke phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene, enzyme nke na-egbochi mmachi mmeghachi nke gluconeogenesis (Granner et al., 1986). Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, insulin na-ebute nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ, ma mgbe nchịkọta nke homonụ abụọ kachasị, ihe insulin na-ejupụta.

CAMP na-emegharị phosphorylation nke enzyme ọzọ bifunctional, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase (Pilkis et al., 1981, Foster, 1984). Ntinye intracellular nke fructose-2,6-diphosphate, nke, n'aka nke ya, na-edozi gluconeogenesis na glycogenolysis, na-adabere na enzyme a.

Mgbe ịta glucagon dị elu ma insulin dị ala, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase phosphorylates ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka phosphate -ase, na-ebelata ọdịnaya nke fructose-2,6-diphosphate na imeju.

Mgbe ịta insulin dị elu ma glucagon dị ala, enzyme ahụ na - eweda ala ma na - arụ ọrụ dịka kinase, na - abawanye ọdịnaya nke fructose-2,6-diphosphate. Fructose-2,6-diphosphate bụ onye na-eme ka phosphofructokinase na - arụ ọrụ nke ihe na - eme ka ọ nwee mmechi ahụ glycolysis.

Ya mere, mgbe mgbakwunye glucagon dị elu, a na-egbochi glycolysis, a na-eme ka gluconeogenesis dịkwuo mma. Nke a na - ebute mmụba na ọkwa nke malonyl-CoA, mee ngwangwa nke oxidation nke ọdụdụ abụba na ketogenesis. N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbe ịta insulin dị elu, a na-eme ka glycolysis dịkwuo elu, a na-ebelata gluconeogenesis na ketogenesis (Foster, 1984).

Nkpachara anya: Glucagon, ọkachasị na nnukwu oke, na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị imeju, kamakwa na anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ. Na anụ ahụ adipose, ọ na - eme ka adenylate cyclase na - eme ka lipolysis dịkwuo elu, na myocardium ọ na - eme ka ike iwepịa obi sie ike. Glucagon na-eme ka mọzụlụ eriri afọ dị nwayọ nke eriri afọ, analogues homonụ nke anaghị eme ka adenylate cyclase nwee otu mmetụta.

N'ụfọdụ anụ ahụ (gụnyere imeju), enwere ụdị ọzọ nke ndị na - anabata glucagon, njikọta homonụ na - eduga na ha na - eduga na ịmalite nke IF3, DAG na mmụba nke mkpokọta calcium intracellular (Murphy et al., 1987). Ọrụ nke nnabata glucagon a na nhazi nke metabolism ka amabeghị.

Omume ọgwụ

Glucagon bụ ọgwụ nnabata insulin.

Glucagon, nke ọrụ ya bụ ihe dị iche na ọrụ insulin, na-eme ka mmụba nke glucose dị na akụkụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi nsonaazụ ya abụọ: mmebi nke glycogen (carbohydrate bụ isi ihe nchekwa) nke imeju na mmụba gluconeogenesis (ịmepụta glucose site na nchịkọta ndị ọzọ na - ahụ) na imeju. Site na ime ka glycogenolysis (ndakpọ nke glycogen na glucose) na imeju, glucagon homonụ na-eme ka mmịkọta glucose dị n'ọbara n'ọtụtụ nkeji.

Glucagon, nke ọrụ ya abụghị naanị na mmetụta hyperglycemic, nwere ike belata spasms ma nwee mmetụta inotropic (mgbanwe n'ọbara obi) yana mmetụta chronotropic (mgbanwe mgbanwe obi) na mkpụrụ obi n'ihi mmụba cAMP mụbara (onye mgbasa ozi na mgbasa nke mgbapụta nke ụfọdụ homonụ).

Ogwu nke Glucagon dị ukwuu na-eme ka ezumike dị jụụ nke ukwuu, bụ nke adenylate cyclase na-adịghị etinye ya.

Ihe ngosiputa maka iji glucagon

Edere homonụ glucagon maka:

• ahụ efe nke ọnọdụ hypoglycemic siri ike,
• shuga dị ala (hypoglycemia) na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa mellitus,
• ujo ọgwụgwọ maka iche echiche,
• usoro nyocha nke akụkụ dị iche iche nke eriri afọ dị ka ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ.

Chemicaldị kemịkalụ nke homonụ

Ihe omuma nke ndu a bukwara ihe omuma nke odi mkpa banyere ya. Ọ na - ebilite n'ihi ọrụ nke alfa sel nke agwaetiti nke Langenhans. Ọ na - arụ ọrụ site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke eriri afọ.

Glucagon bụ otu ụdị polypeptide yinye. O nwere amino acid 29. Ọdịdị ya na insulin, mana o nwere ụfọdụ amino acid na-anọghị na insulin (tryptophan, methionine). Ma cystine, isoleucine na proline, nke bụ akụkụ nke insulin, anaghị anọ na glucagon.

Emepụtara homonụ a site na tupu glucagon. Usoro nke nrụpụta ya na-adabere na ọnụọgụ glucose na-abanye anụ ahụ nri. Nkpali nke mmepụta ya bụ arginine na alanine - na-abawanye na ọnụọgụ ha n'ahụ, glucagon na-etolitewanye nke ukwuu.

Site na mmega ahụ gabigara ókè, ọnụ ahịa ya nwekwara ike ịba ụba nke ukwuu. Ọzọkwa, ọdịnaya ya n'ime ọbara na-emetụta insulin.

Kedu ihe na-ebute oke na enweghị homonụ dị n’ahụ?

Nsonaazụ kachasị nke homonụ bụ mmụba na ọnụọgụ glucose na ọdụdụ ọdụdụ. Maka nke ka nma ma ọ bụ nke ka njọ, ọ dabere na otu glucagon si arụ ọrụ.

Na ọnụnọ nke ndọpụ iche, a na-amalite imepụta ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu - nke na ọ dị ize ndụ maka mmepe nke nsogbu. Mana ọdịnaya ya nke pere mpe, nke malfunctions mere n'ime ahụ, na-ebute nsonaazụ ojoo.

Productionmịpụta ihe mejupụtara ogige a na - eduga na nhazi nke anụ ahụ na - enwe acid na shuga. Ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-akpọ ihe ịtụnanya a hyperglycemia. Otu okwu banyere ya adịghị ize ndụ, mana hyperglycemia nke usoro na-eduga na mmepe nke nsogbu. Enwere ike ibute ya na tachycardia na mmụba ọbara ọgbụgba mgbe niile, nke na-eduga n'ọbara ọbara na ọrịa obi.

Imeghari ọbara nke ukwuu site na arịa nwere ike ibute nká, na-akpata ọrịa vaskụla.

N’inwe ntakịrị homonụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ahụ mmadụ na-enwe enweghị glucose, nke na-eduga hypoglycemia. Ọnọdụ a sokwa n'ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na ọrịa, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ihe mgbaàmà na-adịghị mma.

Ndị a gụnyere:

• ọgbụgbọ
• anya ntughari
• ịma jijiji
• ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ala
• adịghị ike
• nsụhọ
• ogwe.

N'okwu kachasị njọ, onye ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ.

Ihe vidiyo na mmetụta nke glucagon na ibu mmadụ:

Dabere na nke a, anyị nwere ike ikwu na, n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ atụmatụ bara uru, ọdịnaya nke glucagon n'ime ahụ ekwesịghị ịgafe ụkpụrụ.

Kedu ụdị homonụ glucagon?

Glucagon bụ homonụ polypeptide nke mkpụrụ ndụ a na-edebe n’ime ụmụ mmadụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị n’agwaetiti ndị a na-ahụkarị. N’akụkụ ala nke obere eriri afọ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ yiri-akpọ “L-sel”, nke na-ezobe otu glucagon dị ka peptides (enteroglucagon) nke na - enweghị ọrụ ndu glucagon.

Ekwenyere na ha na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ nke usoro nchịkwa n'ime eriri afọ. Radiozọ radioimmunological maka mkpebi siri ike nke plasma glucagon site na iji ọgwụ glucagon akọwapụtara anaghị achọpụta enteroglucagon, mana ha na-ekpughee nchịkọta abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na plasma (immunoreactive glucagon-9000 IRG9000 na nnukwu plasma glucagon BHP), ọkwa nke anaghị achọpụta mgbanwe ngwa ngwa.

Nsonaazụ nke glucagon na mkpokọta plasma physiological bụ nanị imeju, ebe homonụ a na - egbochi mmetụta insulin. Ọ na - eme ka glycogenolysis hepatic dị ukwuu na ntọhapụ nke glucose na plasma, ọ na - akpali gluconeogenesis, ma na - emekwa ka usoro njem na - adọta abụba na - adịkarị na akwara mitochondria, ebe acid ndị a na - eme oxidation na ebe ketone mepụtara site na.

Glucagon ngafe

A na-eme ka ihe nzuzo glucagon nwee mbelata na glucose plasma, mkpali ọmịiko nke pancreas, ntinye nke amino acid (dịka arginine), yana kwa n’okpuru nke homonụ nke eriri afọ, nke a na-ewepụta mgbe amino acid ma ọ bụ abụba na-abanye n’arụ (oriri nke protein ma ọ bụ abụba dị ka mmụba dị otú ahụ) ọkwa plasma nke glucagon, mana nke a anaghị eme mgbe ihe ndị a bụ akụkụ nke nri nri carbohydrate, n'oge a na-agbadata ọkwa glucagon nke plasma).

Glucagonomas bụ etuto ahụ na-ezo ezo nke na - esite na agwaetiti dị n'akụkụ ahụ (lee anya na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọrịa kansa).

Gịnị bụ glucagon, ọrụ na usoro nke homonụ

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke ahụ anyị bụ pancreas. Ọ na - emepụta ọtụtụ homonụ nke na - emetụta metabolism nke anụ ahụ. Ihe ndị a gụnyere glucagon, ihe na-eme ka glucose si n ’sel sel. Na mgbakwunye na ya, pancreas na-emepụta insulin, somatostatin na polypeptide pancreatic.

Somatostatin na-ahụ maka igbochi mmepụta homonụ na catecholamines (adrenaline, norepinephrine). Peptide na-achịkwa usoro ọrụ digestive. Insulin na glucagon na - achịkwa ọdịnaya nke isi iyi ume - glucose, homonụ abụọ ndị a na - abụkwa ihe dị iche na - eme ihe. Gịnị bụ glucagon, yana ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ nwere, anyị ga-aza n’isiokwu a.

Mmepụta na ọrụ Glucagon

Glucagon bụ mkpụrụ osisi peptide na-emepụta site n'agwaetiti Langerhans na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. Onye nne na nna nke homonụ a bụ preproglucagon. A na - enwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na njikọ nke glucagon nwere glucose nwetara ahụ site na nri. Ọzọkwa, njikọta nke homonụ na-emetụta ngwaahịa sitere na protein nke mmadụ nwere nri. Ha nwere arginine na alanine, nke na-abawanye ụba nke ihe akọwara na ahụ.

Nmekorita nke glucagon bu ihe aru na mmega ahu. Ibu bukwanu ibu, ka ijikọ homonụ. Ọ na - amalite imepụta nke ọma n’oge ebu ọnụ. Dịka onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa, a na-emepụta ihe ahụ n’oge nrụgide. Mmụba nke adrenaline na ọkwa norepinephrine na-emetụta ọrụ ya.

A na-eji Glucagon emepụta glucose site na amino acids. N'ihi ya, ọ na-enye ahụ mmadụ niile ume arụ ọrụ maka arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ nke glucagon gụnyere:

• mmebi nke glycogen na umeji na akwara, n'ihi nke a na - ahazite ngwaahịa nke glucose na - echebara ọbara, ma na - eje ozi maka metabolism ike.
• mmebi nke lipids (abụba), nke na-edugakwa n'enye ume ahụ,
• Site na nri ndị na-anaghị carbohydrate,
• ime ka akụrụ na-aba ụba nye akụrụ,
• na - ebuli ọbara mgbali elu
• ụba obi
• mmetụta antispasmodic,
• mụbaa n'ime catecholamine ọdịnaya,
• mkpali nke mgbake sel,
• osooso nke usoro nke sodium na site na aru,
• ndọta ndọtị,
• na-abawanye calcium na sel,
• wepu sel insulin.

Okwesiri iburu n'uche na glucagon adighi akwalite mmeputa glucose na akwara, ebe obu na ha enweghi ndi choro ndi choro homonu. Mana ndepụta ahụ gosipụtara na ọrụ ihe dị na ahụ anyị buru oke ibu.

Ingdọ aka na ntị: Glucagon na insulin bụ homonụ na-alụ ọgụ. A na - eji insulin emekọta glucose na sel. A na-eji ọdịnaya nwere glucose dị elu mepụta ya, na-edobe ya. Usoro nke glucagon bụ na ọ na - ewepụta glucose n'ahụ sel ma na - eduga ya n'akụkụ anụ ahụ maka metabolism ike.

Ekwesịrị iburu n’uche na akụkụ ahụ mmadụ na-enweta glucose n’agbanyeghi na arụ ọrụ insulin na-arụ. Ndị a gụnyere ụbụrụ isi, eriri afọ (akụkụ ya ụfọdụ), umeji na akụrụ ya abụọ. Iji mee ka metabolism shuga dị n’ime ahụ nwee ezi nguzo, a chokwara homonụ ndị ọzọ - nke a bụ cortisol, hormone nke egwu, adrenaline, nke na-emetụta uto nke ọkpụkpụ na anụ ahụ, somatotropin.

Ofkpụrụ nke homonụ na ihe ndị dị na ya

Ọnụego homonụ glucagon na-adabere afọ onye ahụ. N'ime ndị okenye, ndụdụ dị n'etiti obere na elu pere mpe. Tebụl dị ka ndị a:

Mwepu site na olu nkịtị nke homonụ nwere ike igosipụta ogwu. Gụnyere, mgbe ị na-ekpebi obere ego nke ihe, ihe ndị a ga - ekwe omume:

• Ọria cystic fibrosis nke endocrine glands na akụkụ akụkụ okuku ume,
• ahuhu nke na-egbu ala,
• mbelata nke ọkwa glucagon na-apụta mgbe arụchara ọrụ mwepu ahụ gasịrị.

Ọrụ nke glucagon bụ mkpochapu ụfọdụ ọrịa a dị n'elu. Ọdịnaya dị elu na-egosi otu n'ime ọnọdụ:

• ịba ụba glucose n'ihi ụdị ọrịa shuga 1,
• akpụ akpụ,
• nnukwu mbufụt nke pancreas,
• imeju nke imeju (imeju sel na akpụ akpụ),
• imepụta oke glucocorticoids n'ihe metụtara ọgbọ mkpụrụ ndụ akịrị,
• ọrịa akụrụ na-adịghị ala ala
• imega ahụ gabigara ókè
• nsogbu uche.

N'ihe banyere oke homonụ ma ọ bụ ibelata nke homonụ, dọkịta nyere iwu nyocha ndị ọzọ maka nyocha ọfụma. Iji chọpụta ọkwa glucagon, a na-eme biochemistry ọbara.

Ndị nwere Glucagon

A na-arụ ọrụ nchịkọta Glucagon site na homonụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ, na-eji eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha nwere ihe a nke ihe yiri ya. A na-ewepụta ọgwụ ahụ n’ụdị mmiri mmiri ka ịgba ntụtụ yana n’ụdị mbadamba maka nchịkwa ọnụ. A na-enye irigesa ma ọ bụ intramuscularly. Edere ọgwụ ahụ n'ọnọdụ ndị a:

• ọrịa shuga na-arịa obere shuga
• ọgwụgwọ ọzọ maka ịda mba,
• mkpa igbochi spasm nke eriri afọ,
• ime udo na imezi akwara di nma
• ọrịa nke biliary tract,
• na radieshon nyochaa nke afọ.

Ntụziaka ahụ na-akọwa na usoro ntụtụ a na-elekọta intravenia ma ọ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịgbanye akwara, intramuscularly, bụ 1 ml. Mgbe ogwu ogbugba, a na-abawanye na ọkwa nke homonụ, yana mmụba na ụba nke glucose, ka a na-ahụ mgbe nkeji iri gachara.

Enwere ike iji ọgwụ ahụ gwọọ ụmụaka. Ọ bụrụ na ịdị arọ nwa nwa ahụ erughị kilogram iri abụọ, ogo ya ekwesịghị ịkarị 0,5 ml. Maka ụmụaka ndị ka sie ike, usoro onunu ogwu sitere na 0,5 ruo 1 ml. Ọ bụrụ na mmetụta ọ bụla na nchịkwa ọgwụ ezughi oke, a na-emeghachi ọgwụ ntụtụ ahụ mgbe nkeji iri na abụọ gasịrị. Ọ dị mkpa iji tinye ebe ọzọ.

Enwere ike ịgwọ ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ime n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke ọkachamara. Na nkwadebe maka nyocha nke oria, 0.25 mg ka 2 mg nke ọgwụ a na-abanye. Ọgwụ ahụ, dabere n'ọnọdụ onye ọrịa yana ịdị arọ ya, dọkịta na-agbakọ ya. Amachibidoro ya ị takeụ ọgwụ ahụ n'ụdị ọ bụla na-enweghị akwụkwọ ọgwụ.

Ọ bụrụ na eji ọgwụ ahụ maka nlekọta ahụike, mgbe ị ,ụchara ya, ịkwesịrị iri ngwaahịa protein, drinkụọ otu iko tii na-atọ ụtọ ma lakpuo ụra ruo awa 2.

Contraindications na ọgwụgwọ Glucagon

Amachibidoro Glucagon maka ojiji ndị a:

• Ọrịa Egwu Egwu na imepụta insulin site na sel tumo,
• ọdịnaya shuga dị elu
• nwere akpụ ma ọ bụ ajọ akwara (pheochromocytoma), mkpụrụ ndụ ndị na-emepụta catecholamines,
• na mmadụ ịghara ịnabata onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ.

Maka nchọpụta nke contraindications maka ọgwụgwọ hormone, a chọrọ usoro nyocha ọzọ. Nsonaazụ nke iwere Glucagon nwere ike ịbụ ọgbụgbọ na mkpali na-agbọ. Ọ bụrụ na iji ọgwụ ahụ arụpụtaghị nsonaazụ ahụ a tụrụ anya ya, achọrọ ka a nye onye ọrịa ọgwụgwọ glucose.

Enwere ike iji ọgwụ ahụ gwọọ ụmụ nwanyị dị ime. Plasenta na-egbu oge ma ọ rutekwa nwa ebu n’afọ. N'oge nri, ihe iji ọgwụ eme ihe ga-ekwe omume naanị n'okpuru nlekọta siri ike nke ọkachamara.

Ọ bụrụ na glucose dị n'okpuru oke, gịnị ka m ga-eme?

Tupu dọkịta abịarute, ị nwere ike iwelie glucose gị site n’iri ụfọdụ nri. Ọ dị mma iri nri mmanụ a 50ụ 50 g, nke nwere fructose na-apụtakarị na ndụ ya. E kwuwerị, ọ bụ naanị fructose artificial na-emerụ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na emepụtaghị glucose na glucose n'ụba zuru ezu iji nye anyị glucose, a ga-ewere shuga dị ka nri.

Nyere aka weghachite ike tii na jam. Mgbe oke riri oke ma ọ bụ nsogbu ụjọ, ọ bara uru iji nri calorie siri ike rie nri. Ihe edepụtara ha gụnyere oke mmiri, mkpụrụ osisi, apụl, chiiz, mkpụrụ osisi, mmanụ nri. Uru ga-eweta izu ike n'ime ụlọ ikuku ma na ụra ụra.

Kedu ihe glucagon homonụ na ọrụ ya n’arụ

Glucagon “agụụ agụụ” amachaghị ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere insulin, ọ bụ ezie na ihe abụọ a na-arụ ọrụ n’otu ụdọ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa n’ahụ anyị. Glucagon bụ otu n'ime homonụ nke pancreas, nke, yana insulin, na-ahụ maka ịhazi ọkwa glucose ọbara. A na-eji usoro homonụ eme ihe dabere na ya iji gwọọ ọrịa mellitus na nkwadebe maka nchọpụta nke eriri afọ.

Ọdịmma na njikọ nke glucagon

A na-akpọ Glucagon dị iche, mana ọtụtụ mgbe, akọwara ya dịka homonụ - onye na - emegide ọgwụ insulin. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị H. Kimball na J. Murlin chọpụtara ihe ọhụrụ na pancreas na 1923, afọ 2 mgbe nchọpụta insulin ahụ mere. Ma mgbe ahụ, ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole matara banyere ọrụ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe nke glucagon n'ime ahụ.

Ndụmọdụ! Taa, na ọgwụ, a na-eji ọrụ abụọ dị mkpa nke "hormone agụụ" - hyperglycemic na nchọpụta, ọ bụ ezie na n'ezie ihe ahụ na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ahụ otu mgbe. Glucagon bụ protein, nke ka nke ọma, homonụ peptide n'ụdị kemịkalụ ya. Site na nhazi ya, ọ bụ otu polypeptide siliki nke nwere amino acid iri abụọ na anọ. O mepụtara site na preproglucagon, polypeptide dị ike karịa nke gụnyere amino acids 180.

N'iburu uru glucagon niile dị n'ahụ ya, ihe amino acid dị na ya dị mfe, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị na-eji asụsụ sayensị, ọ “na-agbasosi iwu ike”. Yabụ, n’ime mmadụ, ehi, ezì na oke, ihe na-ewu ihe na homonụ a bụ otu. Ya mere, a na-enweta nkwadebe glucagon site na pancreas nke ehi ma ọ bụ ezì.

Ọrụ na mmetụta nke glucagon n'ime ahụ

Ihe nzuzo nke glucagon pụtara na akụkụ endocrine nke pancreas n'okpuru aha na-akpali akpali "" isuo nile nke Langerhans. " Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke agwaetiti ndị a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ alpha ndị pụrụ iche na-emepụta homonụ.

Ihe atọ metụtara mmepụta glucagon:

• Thebara glucose n'ọbara (ịdalata ọkwa shuga dị oke mkpa nwere ike ịkpalite ịrị elu nke ọtụtụ "hormone agụụ" na plasma).
• Mmụba na oke amino asịd na ọbara, ọkachasị alanine na arginine.
• Ọrụ mmega ahụ (ọzụzụ na-agwụ ike na njedebe nke ike mmadụ na-eme ka ịbawanye ụba nke hormone site na ugboro 4-5).

Ozugbo n’ime ọbara ahụ, “homonụ agụụ” na-erigbu ndị na-anabata mkpụrụ ndụ imeju, kegide ha ma na-akpali ntọhapụ nke glucose n’ime ọbara, na-eme ka ọ nọgide na-akwụsi ike. Ọzọkwa, homonụ glucose nke pancreas na-arụ ọrụ ndị a ọrụ n’ime ahụ:

• na - eme ka mbelata nke egbugbere ọnụ na - ebelata cholesterol ọbara
• na-eme ka ọbara na-etopụta n'ime akụrụ
• na-akwalite mwepụ sodium ngwa ngwa site n'ahụ ahụ (nke a na-ebuli ọrụ obi)
• abuana na ntụgharị mkpụrụ ndụ akwara
• na-akpali ntọhapụ nke insulin na sel

Ọzọkwa, glucagon bụ ngwungwu njikọ nke adrenaline dị mkpa iji nye ọgụ nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nzaghachi ụgbọ elu. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ adrenaline n'ime ọbara, glucagon na-abawanye ume glucose na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ na-azụ akwara ọkpụkpụ, ma na-eme ka akwara oxygen dị mma.

Normkpụrụ glucagon dị n'ọbara yana ọrịa ya

Ọnụego glucagon n'ime ọbara dịgasị maka ụmụaka na ndị okenye. N'ime ụmụaka 4-14 dị afọ, ọkwa "homonụ agụụ na-agụ agụụ" nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti 0-148 pg / ml, maka ndị okenye ka a na-ahapụ ọsọ nke 20-100 pg / ml. Ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ngosi glucagon dara ma ọ bụ gbadaa n'okpuru ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ, nke a nwere ike igosipụta ụdị nsogbu dị iche iche na ahụ.

Mbelata ọkwa glucagon n'ime ọbara na-egosipụtakarị cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis na-adịghị ala ala, a na-ahụkwa ya mgbe ọ bụla (pancreas).

Mmụba nke ọkwa homonụ bụ akara ga - ekwe omume nke ọrịa ndị a:

• ụdị shuga 1
• glucagonoma (akpụ nke mpaghara nke mkpụrụ ndụ alfa na pancreas)
• nnukwu pancreatitis
• cirrhosis
• Ọrịa Cushing
• ụkwara akwara na-adịghị ala ala
• nnukwu hypoglycemia
• oke nrụgide ọ bụla (mmerụ ahụ, ọkụ, arụmọrụ wdg)

Nmechibidoro ntuziaka na ntuziaka maka glucagon

Glucagon, onye ọrụ ya nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ na ọrịa ụfọdụ, ekweghị n'ihe ndị a:

• glucagonoma (akpụ na -emepụta glucagon n'ụba),
• insuloma (akpụ nke na-emepụta insulin).
• pheochromocytoma (tumo na-ezobe catecholamines na oke),
• hypersensitivity na glucagon.

N'iji nlezianya mee, ọgwụ ahụ ka enyere ndị inyom dị ime na ndị na-actụ ara.

Ozi ndi ozo

Ekwesịrị ịchekwa Glucagon na okpomọkụ nke dabara na 15-30 0 C.

A na-emejupụta ozi gbasara ọgwụ ahụ, enyere ya aka na ịkọwaghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ kwadoghị ntuziaka ndị ọrụ Medication medicationụ onwe gị ọgwụ dị ize ndụ nye ahụ ike!

Ọ bụrụgodi na obi mmadụ akụghị ihe, mgbe ahụ ọ ka nwere ike ibi ndụ ogologo oge, dịka onye ọkụ azụ si mba Norway bụ Jan Revsdal gosiri anyị. ““ Moto ”ya kwụsịrị ruo awa anọ mgbe onye ọkụ azụ̀ ahụ furu ụra ma daa n'ụra snow.

Imirikiti ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe ike inweta obi ụtọ karịa ịtụgharị uche n'ahụ ha nke ọma n'enyo karịa inwe mmekọahụ. Yabụ, ụmụ nwanyị, gbaa mbọ maka nkwekọrịta.

E bugara ọtụtụ ọgwụ ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, azara ahịa Heroin na mbụ ka ọ bụrụ ọgwụ ụkwara. A na-atụkwa ọgwụ cocaine ka ọgwụ na-eme ka ọgwụ na-egbu egbu ma bụrụkwa ụzọ iji nwekwuo ntachi obi.

Na UK, enwere iwu nke dọkịta na-awa ahụ nwere ike jụ rụọ onye ọrịa ahụ ọ bụrụ na ọ okesụọ sịga ma ọ bụ buru oke ibu. Mmadụ kwesịrị ịhapụ omume ọjọọ, mgbe ahụ, ikekwe, ọgwụgwọ ịwa ahụ agaghị achọ ya.

Iji mee ka onye ọrịa pụọ, ndị dọkịta na-agakarị ngabiga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ Charles Jensen na oge site na 1954 ruo 1994. lanarịrị ihe karịrị 900 neoplasm n'ọrụ mwepụ.

Mpekere chọkọleti anọ gbara ọchịchịrị nwere ihe dị ka calorie narị abụọ. Yabụ ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị ịka mma, ọ ka mma ịghara iri karịa lobules abụọ kwa ụbọchị.

Ọrụ mmadụ na-enweghị mmasị na ya bụ ihe na-emebi mmụọ ya karịa enweghị ọrụ ma ọlị.

O buru na inyinya inyinya, ino karie igha olu gi karia ka inwere n’agha. Naanị anwala igosipụta nkwupụta a.

Ọ bụrụ na ị na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị naanị ugboro abụọ n'ụbọchị, ịnwere ike belata ọbara mgbali ma belata ihe egwu nkụchi na ọnya afọ.

Onye na-a antụ ọgwụ mgbochi n’oge ikpe ga-enwetakwa ịda mbà n’obi ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ anagide nkụda mmụọ na aka ya, ọ nwere ohere ọ bụla ichefu ọnọdụ a ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.

Ndị dọkịta ezé apụtawo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Laa azụ na narị afọ nke 19, ọ bụ ọrụ dịịrị onye na-edozi isi nkịtị iji wepụ ezé na-arịa ọrịa.

Onye gụrụ akwụkwọ enweghị ike ịrịa ọrịa ụbụrụ. Ọrụ ọgụgụ isi na-enye aka n'ịmepụta anụ ahụ ọzọ iji kwụọ ndị ọrịa ọrịa.

E mepụtara akpa vibrator na narị afọ nke iri na itolu. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na uzuoku ma na-bu n'obi na-agwọ ọrịa nwanyi.

Ọ na-emebu ikuku ahụ na-eme ka ahụ nwee ikuku oxygen. Agbanyeghị, ekwenyeghị n'echiche a. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtala na mgbagharị, mmadụ na-eme ka ụbụrụ ya dị jụụ ma na-eme ka arụmọrụ ya ka mma.

Akụrụ anyị nwere ike sachapụ lita atọ nke ọbara n'otu nkeji.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs amụbawo nke ukwuu. Omume a bụ njimara nke obodo ukwu. Ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-adọta ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.